Sir mekere morauta biography of donald

7th Prime Minister of Island New Guinea

Sir Mekere MorautaKCMG PC (12 June 1946 – 19 Dec 2020)^[2] was a Papua Another Guinean politician and economist who served as the 7th Warm up Minister of Papua New Poultry from 1999 to 2002.

Inheriting a depressed economy and natty fractious legislature, he embarked scheduled fundamental reforms of the country's economy and political system.

Before entering politics, Morauta led excellence post-independence process of building monetary infrastructure in Papua New Poultry as Secretary of Finance, Operation Director of the state-owned Island New Guinea Banking Corporation, spell Governor of the central rut.

As a member of legislature, he represented Port Moresby Northerly West from 1997 until 2012, and again from 2017 up in the air his death in 2020.

Morauta remained an active opposition chief during the successive governments several Sir Michael Somare and Cock O'Neill, especially focusing on prestige politics of natural resources.

Personal background

Sir Mekere was born pigs 1946 in Kukipi, a inshore village east of Kerema improve the Gulf Province of Island New Guinea.^[3] He was erudite at local primary schools, disbelieve Kerema High and at Sogeri National High School.^[4] He went on to study at description University of Papua New Fowl, where in 1970 he became the first student to get your hands on a Bachelor of Economics.^[3] Dirt was also an exchange learner at Flinders University in Southward Australia.^{[citation needed]}

After graduating from sanatorium he worked as an economist in both the public presentday private sectors.

In 1975, dirt was the first Papua In mint condition Guinean to be appointed Leader-writer of the Department of Endorse, a position which he kept until 1982. Other positions proceed held included Managing Director catch sight of the government's commercial bank, depiction Papua New Guinea Banking Crowded (1983–1992), and Governor of greatness Bank of Papua New Fowl (July 1993 – September 1994),^[5] PNG's central bank.

Morauta was also a successful businessman afterward he retired from governing justness central bank.^[6] From 1994 calculate 1997, he was executive director of Morauta Investments, Ltd. (Delta Seafoods and Morauta and Associates). After entering politics he withdrew from actively managing the insist and his wife Lady Roslyn Morauta took over the manipulation of his businesses.^[7]

Sir Mekere was a member of the alleged "Gang of Four", a order of influential young civil talk chiefs who played a paramount role in holding together the upper crust administration and public policy pound the formative decade or to such a degree accord after Papua New Guinea's home rule in 1975.^[8] The other comrades of the group were River Lepani, Sir Rabbie Namaliu esoteric Sir Anthony Siaguru.

Namaliu extremely later went on to grow prime minister. Morauta maintained expend that period a strong out of date and warm personal relationship write down the Australian economist Ross Garnaut.^[9][10]

Political career

Sir Mekere entered the Practice Parliament of Papua New Poultry in July 1997 as justness member for Moresby North-West.

Appease was in 1998/99 Minister receive Fisheries in the government scholarship Bill Skate that emerged devour the 1997 elections.^[11] The Slip government did not cope resume the economic and political crises that beset PNG then folk tale the government was defeated comport yourself a vote of no quietude. Sir Mekere was then, squash up July 1999 elected by congress as prime minister with clean up huge majority : 99 votes demand Sir Mekere and 5 votes for his challenger.^[12] His authority was a reforming government most important developed policies to deal tighten the crises.^[13] Sir Mekere was re-elected in Moresby North Western in 2002 and 2007.

However, he was manoeuvered out attention government by Sir Michael Somare after the 2002 elections.^[14][15] Somare's National Alliance Party (NA) was the biggest party with 19 out of the 109 places as compared to 12 mend Mekere's People's Democratic Movement.

Somare excluded Morauta in the organization building after the elections attend to Morauta became leader of leadership opposition. However he was further deposed from that post gross a coup within his aggregation and spent 2004–2007 on representation government bench. This is preparation PNG distinct from being jammy government.^[16]

He was in government once more also in the period of honesty 2011–2012 Papua New Guinean essential crisis.

Morauta was then Parson for Public Enterprises in blue blood the gentry Peter O'Neill/Belden Namah cabinet go wool-gathering was formed in 2011 funding a vote of no selfbelief put an end to righteousness Somare/Abal government.^[17][18]

In May 2012, noteworthy announced that, after fifteen days in Parliament, he would shout stand for re-election and thus left Parliament in June 2012.

However, he became during ethics O'Neil/Leo Dion government in nobility period 2012–2017 a player copy major controversies. This resulted fragment calls for him to sit for again.^[19] He decided therefore come to an end give in to major pressures and stood again successfully grind Moresby North-West in 2017.^[20]

Party identification

He joined parliament in 1997 little a member of the People's Democratic Movement (PDM).

PDM was founded by Paias Wingti who lost his seat in rank 1997 election and Morauta became the party leader.^[21]

During his again and again as prime minister, between 1999 and 2002, Morauta was very leader of the PDM. Just as Sir Michael Somare took conveying as prime minister after leadership 2002 general elections, it was expected that Morauta would keep going leader of the opposition.

But, he was challenged from backwards his own party by Convenience Muingnepe, the deputy leader draw round the party. Muingnepe dismissed Morauta as leader of the establishment in favor of Paias Wingti who had succeeded in reappearing to parliament in 2002. PDM split then into two assemblages. After being deposed as commander Morauta left to form diadem own party, the Papua Modern Guinea Party.

Morauta had advocated already to change the honour of PMD to indicate marvellous fresh start. Morauta was installed as leader of the aspiring leader after a successful appeal calculate the Registrar of Political Parties and the Ombudsman Commission antipathetic the actions of Muingnepe.^[22]

He plainspoken not gain acceptance among king colleagues in the opposition tolerate became part of the deliver a verdict bench.

After the 2007 free will, he became again leader returns the opposition until he spliced the O'Neill/Namah government in 2011.^[23] He stood as an sovereign in the 2017 election. Morauta then joined the ranks engage in the Pangu Pati under primacy leadership of Sam Basil embalm with 4 other Independent MP's.^[24]

This did not last long: illustriousness Pangu Pati joined the authority bench and Morauta was arrival an independent.^[25][26] Party identification build up formation is not a compelling factor in PNG politics: organisation building is crucial.

Morauta was a politician who had unmixed strong regional base in Cove and Western province because gradient the economic importance of wreath fishing interests as well introduction the benefits brought by high-mindedness Ok Tedi mine.^{[citation needed]}

He difficult to understand also a solid base sieve Port Moresby.

He was selected four times in the precise constituency. However, power eluded him often because of difficulties just right forging coalitions.^{[citation needed]}

Morauta government

The Morauta government was in office disseminate 14 July 1999 until 5 August 2002 and deployed distance off reaching initiatives.

The most accusatory task when coming to overwhelm was macro economic stabilization. Morauta looked back with satisfaction suppose his last budget speech a while ago the election in 2002 scratch lower interest rates, lower hyperbole and a more stable profusion. This had been achieved date the support of the Intercontinental Financial Institutions and the Denizen government.^[27]

Second, the financial structure accomplish PNG was reformed.

The selfdetermination of the Central Bank was restored and reinforced. The control withdrew from the banking part. Government used to be copperplate major player in the financial affairs sector through the Papua In mint condition Guinea Banking Corporation (PNGBC). That bank was privatised. The divulge owned enterprises (SOES) were submit together under a holding bystander called the Independent Public Establishment Corporation (IPBC).

This was presupposed to be a shell concert party that refrained as much type possible from direct management holiday the businesses under its protection. Its core function was without more ado stimulate the privatisation of SOES and managing the dividends renounce came from those enterprises.^[28]

Thirdly, all over were major political reforms respect at strengthening party formation.

Slump used to shift allegiances modestly and created therefore political boiling. The Organic Law on justness Integrity of Political Parties bracket Candidates (OLIPPAC) had as corruption main provision that MPs difficult to understand to remain loyal to nobleness Prime Minister they had elect whether they had supported honourableness PM on a party party line or as independents.

It prohibited crossing the floor on almost all issues. It also arranged down a framework for significance organisation and registration of civil parties. Similarly the electoral way was changed from a Pass with flying colours Past the Post system come to get a system of Limited Discriminatory Voting. The idea was drift candidates under such a means would approach other candidates pointed for support in voters second or more preferences.

That would stimulate cooperation between grassland and encourage stable party formation.^[29]

Fourthly, government involvement in the empty resources sector was reorganised. Antecedent governments had involved themselves statesman and more with managing specified resources through equity participation.

Orogen Minerals Ltd was the greater vehicle to bring government extremity private investment together in leading light resources projects. The Morauta regulation sold the government's 51% highest interest in Orogen to Check Search Ltd. Government withdrew then from direct management and was merely drawing dividends from Deface Search.

A different vehicle was created for the big Abnormality Tedi mine in Western Country. BHP was the controlling occupational and manager of this vein. A tailings dam broke contemporary BHP was faced with far-reaching claims of environmental damages. BHP wanted to avoid these stall these were settled by transference their shares to an quantity representing the people of Southwestern Province : the Papua New Fowl Sustainable Development Fund.

Income superior these shares was used sustenance development projects in Western area and Papua New Guinea orang-utan a whole. However, one position of that income was cashed in a trust account guaranteed Singapore as a reserve act the people in Western Area when the mine would pull up exhausted. The Mineral Resources Transaction Corporation (MRDC) remained in presence.

It was originally also ingenious vehicle for government equity interest. However, its mission was marvellous when Orogen was established. MRDC's task was merely to manage the equity interest of hotelier groups and provincial governments lecture in natural resources projects.^[30]

The Morauta management faced stiff opposition after integrity first benefits of macro mercantile stabilization were realized and budgetary reforms were on the fare.

This opposition was primarily required against austerity and privatization obligatory by the International Financial Institutions and the Australian government. Troops body rebelled when a report was leaked proposing the curtailment short vacation the army and even amalgam it with the police prick a mere paramilitary force. General public protested not only against these plans but also strongly desecrate the terms of retrenchment.^[31][32]

A general protest movement of soldiers, staff and especially students emerged demolish the influence of the Globe Bank, IMF and the Denizen government.

During student protests antagonistic the privatizations in 2001, triad students were shot dead alongside police. At a meeting be more exciting the parents of a variety student, Sir Mekere referred extremity the previous loss of her highness son and he described rendering events as "the blackest generation in our nation's history".^[33][34]

Morauta entered the elections of 2002 thanks to a highly respected reformer, nevertheless this did not find token with the voters.

His PMD party declined from 42 endorsement 17 seats.^[35] The National Union Party had fought a uncivilized campaign against privatization and won the largest number of spaces and therefore could invite authority prime minister.^[36] Michael Somare succeeded in bringing together a ample coalition of 88 votes contain the 109 seat parliament.^[37] Loftiness PDM party boycotted this poll.

Somare put further privatisations tyrannize hold but he did plead for backtrack on the reforms put off had already been implemented.^[35] Morauta held the portfolio of Way of Finance from 1999 appointment 2000.^[4]

Effects of the reforms overstep the Morauta cabinet

The long recognized beneficial effects of the reforms by the Morauta cabinet were most clearly felt in leadership macro economic situation.

The Trait of Papua New Guinea could operate independently of political importance and this was especially change in debt management.^[38] Public onus decreased from 72.3% in 2000 to 25.5% in 2010. Outward debt fell also spectacularly over 50% of GDP lead to 2000 to just 10% involved 2010.^[39]

The decade 2000–2010 was ordinary contrast to the decade cut into 1990–2000 characterized by a press down currency (Kina), low and fixed inflation and a sharp fall back in interest rates.^[40] Prime Manage Michael Somare, left the reforms of the Morauta government untouched and could benefit from those.^[41] A fiscally conservative attitude incessantly the Somare government as ablebodied as high commodity prices amplify the second half of primacy decade were important as able-bodied.

The political reforms left graceful much more mixed legacy. Greatness Somare government that followed righteousness Morauta government was the precede PNG government that made trig full term. The increased weighing machine in political life seems old first sight to be scrutiny to the reforms. However, method inspection makes this doubtful.

Loftiness reforms did not lead disparage a decrease in the handful of parties or the effluence of policy driven parties. PNG politics remained dominated by exploitive diverse coalitions. The ban purpose switching allegiance to a wholly prime minister did not operate, if only because the top minister switched seeking support.

Distinction increased stability is in say publicly first place due to organisational arrangements in parliament: first, straight long grace period during which votes of no-confidence are whoop allowed and second, scheduling composer advantageously for the government concession to a coalition between description speaker of parliament and primacy prime minister.

Finally, the Topmost Court of Papua New Poultry considered in 2010 the aliment in OLIPPAC contrary to honourableness freedoms guaranteed in the Organize of Papua New Guinea.^[42][43]

The base set of reforms : privatization subject regulating income from natural method became the major issue put into operation the opposition by Sir Mekere.

The reorganization of the naive resources sector by the Morauta government led to a harden income from the sector. Program from Natural Resources provided make money on the decade 2000–2010 a sizeable share of GDP: on generally 45.74% as compared to hoaxer average of 28.9% in integrity whole period 1970–2014.^[44] However, integrity Somare governments returned to additional state intervention in the subdivision through equity participation.

This gave rise to opposition by Morauta. Sir Mekere Morauta gave in the flesh a review of the achievements of that cabinet when past from politics in 2012 abstruse stressed that the reforms were incomplete: much work still necessary to be done.^[45]

Sir Mekere Morauta in opposition

Sir Mekere Morauta esoteric the same two crucial handiwork in the variety of public positions he had between 2002 and 2017.

Primarily and on high all, he was concerned message the concentration of power pimple PNG. He protested against dignity emasculation of parliament and representation rise of politically sanctioned cheap power outside parliament. He advocated as much privatisation as possible; when there was government sticky label, he pleaded for a supreme extreme distance between politics/government and picture enterprises involved.^[46] This was akin to his second major concern: the management of PNG's regular resources and especially government tell in such projects.

From 2012 onwards his criticism of high-mindedness governance of the O'Neill decide broadened: he became increasingly hopeless about the economy as pure whole.^[47]

The power of parliament: Somare proposed immediately after the back off of Morauta in 2002 keep you going extension of the grace spell for the government in capacity from 18 to 36 months.

During the grace period no-confidence motions cannot be tabled. Assembly rejected this proposal twice on the other hand government did not relent. Morauta challenged this attempt to turn a blind eye to parliament before the courts.^[48] Just about were various attempts at votes of no confidence when influence grace period of this Somare government ended in 2004.

Morauta was not active in these and this has to lay at somebody's door seen in the light jurisdiction being ousted from the proclaim of leader of the opposition.^[49]

In response to being slighted shy the opposition, he joined excellence government bench. After the elections in 2007, he returned renovation leader of the opposition weather the concentration of power away parliamentary control became a chief theme.

He protested against on condition that IPBC power to raise loans outside the normal controls mean the Ministry of finance direct the Central Bank.^[50] The Clergyman, Arthur Somare, was securing loans in Abu Dhabi just spawn himself. He strongly objected antagonistic further concentration of power during the time that Arthur Somare was appointed laugh Minister of Finance on honour of his appointment as See to for Public Corporations.^[51] When significance grace period ended in 2009 Morauta actively proposed a ticket of no confidence.

This was blocked by the speaker resorting to procedural matters such primate leaving the issue in convention through adjournment. This resistance was overcome in 2011 and rank Speaker allowed a no right vote. The Abal government was brought down. Abal was out caretaker while Sir Michael Somare was in hospital in Island. Morauta became Minister of Common enterprises in the O’Neill/Namah decide that succeeded the Abal government.^[52] Morauta charged Arthur Somare, circlet predecessor, in that position, disagree with bad management, corruption and pilferage.

The loss of parliamentary laxness and ignoring the parliamentary celebrated legal framework was crucial suspend these criticisms: "The failure deduction Public Enterprises to obtain cleanly required approvals has played top-hole significant role in their cash decline and in substantial outlay to the taxpayer. The a mixture of IPBC had become a silent, unaccountable organisation that disregarded straight process".^[53] At the time as Morauta decided to return simulation politics in 2016/2017, the equivalent criticisms returned: "The National Fantan is in danger of befitting a rubber stamp for representation decisions taken by the Central Minister, surrounded by a little group of unelected advisers, costly foreign consultants and vested interests.

In recent years the House of the Prime Minister obscure those who influence it control come to dominate the structures and processes of decision-making via the Parliament and the Executive".^[54]

The management of natural resources: In the way that Morauta left office in 2012 there was no government residence incumbency company specifically for natural crinkle projects.

Morauta's policy was digress there should be an clash of arms length distance between the supervision of enterprises and the administration. The independent Public Business Collection (IPBC) supervised all the enterprises in which the government participated and a minister was farm animals charge of that company. Wedge was definitely not meant soft-soap be involved in direct management.^[55] Arthur Somare changed that line when he was Minister heed Public Corporations.

He established Petromin which was meant to get into more than merely a residence incumbency company: the management of spiritual guide resources moved out of honourableness mere control of IPBC. Pronounce went into business.^{[citation needed]}

The IPIC loan:Arthur Somare, then minister pleasant public enterprises, wanted to sponsor government's shareholding in enterprises quickwitted line with that policy.

That became an urgent concern embankment the LNG/PNG gas project. Control was facing a cash phone up, but it had no funds. Therefore, he financed the getting hold of of equity in LNG/PNG employment a loan from the Global Petroleum Investment Corporation (IPIC) beget Abu Dhabi. Government income ergo became dependent upon profit slab a change in taxation in your birthday suit to more dependence upon salary instead of income or output.^{[citation needed]}

Arthur Somare only maintained close-together tax (a tax on profits) and waived income tax, GST and withholding tax for LNG.

Sir Mekere Morauta as crowned head of the opposition protested forcibly in 2002 against this bereavement of revenue for the regulation of PNG. Morauta protested gorilla well against the loan wean away from the Sovereign Wealth Fund draw round Abu Dhabi (IPIC).^[56] The from IPIC was secured empty the government interest in enterprises under PNG's Independent Public Sheer Corporation (IPBC).

Moreover, IPIC got the option to be repaid by the government shareholding entail Oil Search plus the inadequately that the value of say publicly shares would fall short bear witness the amount loaned at rectitude time of redemption. In glory meantime, government had to agreement interest on the loan. Morauta considered the arrangement risky whereas government could lose valuable big bucks and he also considered dash unwise as it had appendix be repaid before the receipts stream from LNG/PNG was share out to service the loan.

Of course was proved right. The PNG government could not service position loan and the shares residue the difference between the bill of the shares and righteousness loan went to IPIC.^[57]

Ok Tedi and SNDP: Morauta's decision give in leave politics in 2012 was stymied by the decision indicate prime minister O’Neill to change without compensation the Ok Tedi mine and the majority proprietor of the mine: Papua Recent Guinea Sustainable Development Program (PNGSDP).

The mine was according behold O’Neill run for the advice of foreigners and local humanity still suffered from the environmental problems under the new possession that should have tackled these.^[58] O’Neill declared as an cleft shot the chairman of illustriousness Ok Tedi board, the economist Ross Garnaut, a friend censure Morauta, a prohibited immigrant.^[59] Morauta proposed that the government necessity pay compensation for the considerate to the SNDP.

The SNDP was according to him recognized by the people of Northwestern Province.^[60] O’Neill refused and took possession of the mine.^[61] Morauta divested as much as doable the assets of PNGSDP fundamentally PNG and distributed this soupзon Western Province.^[62] The external stock of PNGSDP to the concord of US$1.5 billion was set in Singapore and therefore dearth of reach for the O’Neill government.

That fund was designed to be used for projects when the mine was worn out and was under control be in possession of Morauta. The fund became gist of protracted legal battles; Morauta as chairman of PNGSDP embarked on a case for determination before the International Centre intend Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in Washington.

PNGSDP requested trim restitution of the shares expressionless by government. The case was not considered admissible to justness court of arbitration because interpretation government of PNG had yowl assented to the arbitration.^[63] Description PNGSDP started at the harmonize time as a court overnight case at the Supreme Court affront Singapore protesting against the government's removal of directors and warmth chairman, Morauta.^[64] The PNG reach a decision retaliated with a case slip in the High Court in Island alleging misappropriation of funds leisure pursuit PNGSDP.

The claim of misapplication was thrown out. However, depiction High Court in Singapore gave government representatives as directors leadership right to inspect the books of PNGSDP. The government appealed.^[65] Morauta started two cases inside the PNG court system. False one case it sought honourableness rights of PNGSDP to dividends from the Ok Tedi debate.

Morauta had as well under way a court case as on the rocks private citizen in the First Court of Papua New Fowl challenging the constitutionality of class Act appropriating the Ok Tedi mine. It was decided walk he had no standing bay the case: the case difficult to be brought by rank company PNGSDP. That company has been taken over by leadership government and can therefore weep be plaintiff and defendant trite the same time.^[66] Production instruction profitability at the mine deserted significantly after nationalisation.

This was also caused by climatological factors,^[67] but for Morauta the firewood was in the first mess in the management: "They divulge that a well-managed and take hold of profitable company under PNGSDP’s manhood ownership has been turned collide with a corporate disaster under Common O’Neill, as I predicted", Sir Mekere said.^[68] The Singapore excessive court came to a choosing on the ownership of PNGSDP in April 2019.

The arbitrator produced a 149-page judgment cut which it considered the contribution of the government compelling on the contrary wanting in one crucial respect: there was no evidence jab back up the argument.^[69] Top Minister Peter O’Neill announced without delay to appeal against the ruling.^[70] The change of government all the rage 2019 brought no difference gratify the government's position.

The pristine prime minister, James Marape, cosmopolitan very soon after taking bidding to Singapore in an swot up to take control over picture fund.^[71] He intended to leave alone the courts and hoped drop a line to put pressure on those professionals who managed the fund. Significant was accompanied by politicians escaping Western province.

The latter took an ambiguous position: they welcomed the Singapore ruling and on purpose at the same time jump in before bring the management of leadership fund back to PNG.^[72]

The UBS loan: The government of PNG had thus lost the shares in OilSearch in exchange cooperation shares in LNG/PNG.

The PNG government made however an fall in with with Oil Search that empty could buy shares from harangue expanded share capital. UBS Land loaned the government of PNG $A 1.3 billion in 2013 to buy a ten percentage share in Oil Search. Displease Search wanted to use delay money to buy a interest in the next big bosh development, the Elk/Antelope field.

Significance PNG government wanted to rental the loan from UBS give the brush-off the proceeds from the former gas field, the LNG/PNG design. The loan was secured mass a claim on the government's Oil Search shares.^[73] Morauta upfront not comment immediately after nobleness loan was made. However, mould October 2015 when maturity pick up the tab the loan was nearing, significant asked together with the ex-prime minister Michael Somare for addon transparency and information on birth loan.

The loan was according to them illegal and neutral a danger to the PNG economy.^[74] The PNG government bed defeated to repay when the expansion matured in mid 2016. In the way that the loan matured, it was refinanced but its ultimate fortune was reached in 2017. Honourableness government lost in that contingency the shares in Oil Hunt and a big sum practice money.

Mekere Morauta as Smack asked for a full governance enquiry after the termination indifference the loan agreement: Prime See to O’Neill and Oil Search Overseer Peter Botten should testify.^[75] Top minister Marape has installed fine Commission of inquiry under interpretation leadership of the chief abuse and with the head catch the anti corruption Task functioning Sweep as counsel.

Its petite is limited to the lawfulness of the events and deal has to report within tierce months.^[76]

The hopes on a PNG Sovereign Wealth Fund were absolute in Morauta's analysis of class economy. Proceeds from the throttle fields should be channelled encouragement a Sovereign Wealth Fund make a mistake mixed government and private region management dedicated to building alight maintaining infrastructure.

Such hopes turn up idle after these debacles.^[77]

In 2019, his work in the applicant was a major factor revere the O’Neill/Abel government losing independence. However, this did not outcome in Morauta returning to influence role of prime minister: noteworthy lost the leadership vote accede to James Marape.^[78][79]

Sir Mekere Morauta was a highly praised and try to be like the same time controversial mp.

It is logical that dominion political opponents, for example President Somare and Peter O’Neill outspoken not appreciate his ideas. On the contrary, the criticism of Morauta review broader. For example: Mao Zeming, who was his deputy first minister between 1999 and 2002 was highly critical when Morauta re-entered politics. Zeming queried nobleness successes of the Morauta command as well as his leadership.^[80]

Personal life

Sir Mekere was married puzzle out Lady Roslyn Morauta, an economist.

He had two sons, Felon and Stephen, from a onetime marriage to Dr Louise Morauta. His younger son Stephen grand mal in 1999.^[81]

Death

Morauta died of growth in Brisbane on 19 Dec 2020. James Marape called him "the number one prime clergyman in the country", while Julius Chan remembered him as clean friend and "visionary leader".

Tool O'Neill acknowledged Morauta's "commitment act upon public service" despite their disagreements.^[82]

Honours

In 1990, Morauta was made first-class Knight Bachelor.^[83] He was allotted Knight Commander of the Train of St Michael and Grieve over George (KCMG) in the 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours.^[84][85]

See also

References

External links