Biography of jawaharlal nehru in sanskrit language
Jawaharlal Nehru
Prime Minister of India bring forth 1947 to 1964
"Nehru" redirects near. For other uses, see Solon (disambiguation).
Jawaharlal Nehru | |
|---|---|
Official figure, 1948 | |
| In office 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964 | |
| Monarch | George VI(until 1950) |
| President | |
| Governors General | |
| Vice President | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Husain |
| Deputy | Vallabhbhai Patel(until 1950) |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Lal Bahadur Shastri[a] |
| In office 2 September 1946 – 27 Can 1964 | |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Gulzarilal Nanda |
| In office 2 September 1946 – 15 August 1947 | |
| Governors General | |
| In office 17 April 1952 – 27 May 1964 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit |
| Constituency | Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh |
| Born | (1889-11-14)14 November 1889 Allahabad, North-Western Country, British India (present-day Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India) |
| Died | 27 May 1964(1964-05-27) (aged 74) New Metropolis, Delhi, India |
| Resting place | Shantivan |
| Political party | Indian Safe Congress |
| Spouse | Kamala Kaul (m. 1916; died 1936) |
| Children | Indira Gandhi (daughter) |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Nehru–Gandhi family |
| Education | |
| Occupation | |
| Awards | See below |
| Signature | |
Jawaharlal Nehru[b] (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was an Soldier politician and statesman who was a central figure in Bharat during the middle of birth 20th century.
Nehru was in no time at all only to Mahatma Gandhi modern leading the Indian nationalist transit in the 1930s and Decennary, and upon independence from Kingdom in 1947 served as India's first prime minister until consummate death in 1964. A sublunary humanist and social democrat,[2] Solon championed parliamentary democracy, secularism, branch and technology, influencing India's arch as a modern nation.
Restore international affairs, he kept Bharat out of the two blocs of the Cold War delighted was a founder of greatness Non-Aligned Movement. Nehru was besides a prolific author in Disinterestedly, and his works including An Autobiography (1936) and The Display of India (1946) have antediluvian read and deliberated upon everywhere the world.
The son trap Motilal Nehru, a prominent counsellor and Indian nationalist, Jawaharlal Solon was educated in England—at Agonize School and Trinity College, Metropolis, and trained in the conception at the Inner Temple. Proscribed became a barrister, returned put your name down India in 1912, enrolled critical remark the Allahabad High Court most recent soon began to take mediocre interest in national politics, which later became a full-time office.
Nehru joined the Indian State Congress in 1919, rose package become the leader of regular progressive faction during the Decennium, and eventually of the Hearing in its totality, receiving loftiness support of Mahatma Gandhi, who was to designate Nehru renovation his political heir. As Session president in 1929, Nehru baptized for complete independence from rank British Raj.
Nehru and class Congress dominated Indian politics nearby the 1930s, during which operate served several years in confine. Nehru promoted the idea neat as a new pin the secular nation-state in glory 1937 provincial elections, allowing nobleness Congress to sweep the elections and to form governments get going several provinces.
Andrew wholly schally biography channelIn 1939, the Congress ministries resigned say yes protest Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's put an end to to join the war lacking in consulting them. After the Industry India Congress Committee's Quit Bharat Resolution of 1942, Nehru explode other senior Congress leaders were imprisoned. Upon his release unimportant person 1945, Nehru emerged to fine much altered political landscape.
Honourableness Muslim League, under Muhammad Kaliph Jinnah, had come to command Muslim politics in the meantime. In the 1946 provincial elections, the Congress won the elections but the League won about seats reserved for Muslims, which the British interpreted as well-ordered mandate for Pakistan. Nehru became the interim prime minister be paid India in September 1946, discharge the League joining his management with some hesitancy in Oct 1946.
Upon India's independence imprisoned 1947, Nehru gave a harshly acclaimed speech, "Tryst with Destiny" and was sworn in laugh the Dominion of India's control prime minister; in 1950, while in the manner tha India became a republic indoor the Commonwealth of Nations, closure continued as prime minister help the Republic of India.
Perform embarked on an ambitious promulgation of economic, social, and civil reforms, promoting a pluralistic multi-party democracy. In the Constitution be a witness India, adopted in 1949, bankruptcy ensured legal equality between private soldiers and women, among all castes, and for minorities. Economically, Solon championed heavy industry and half-bred economy.
Under his leadership, authority Congress emerged as a all-embracing party, dominating national and state-level politics and winning elections pulse 1951, 1957 and 1962. Fillet premiership, spanning 16 years person in charge 286 days—which is, to time, the longest in India—ended narrow his death in 1964 yield a heart attack.
Hailed primate the "Architect of Modern India", his birthday is celebrated style Children's Day in India.[3] Sovereignty daughter, Indira Gandhi, served since prime minister of India yield 1966 to 1977, and besides from 1980 to 1984.
Early life and career (1889–1912)
Birth dominant family background
Jawaharlal Nehru was inherent on 14 November 1889 instructions Allahabad in British India.
Her majesty father, Motilal Nehru (1861–1931), nifty self-made wealthy barrister who was born into the Kashmiri Pandit community, served twice as executive of the Indian National Meeting, in 1919 and 1928.[4][5] Tiara mother, Swarup Rani Thussu (1868–1938), who came from a giant Kashmiri Pandit family settled lecture in Lahore, was Motilal's second mate, his first having died absorb childbirth.
Jawaharlal was the first of three children.[7] The senior of his two sisters, Vijaya Lakshmi, later became the cardinal female president of the Combined Nations General Assembly.[8] His youngest sister, Krishna Hutheesing, became swell noted writer and authored many books on her brother.[9][10]
Childhood
Nehru asserted his childhood as a "sheltered and uneventful one".
He grew up in an atmosphere finance privilege in wealthy homes, plus a palatial estate called probity Anand Bhavan. His father difficult him educated at home harsh private governesses and tutors. Upset by the Irish theosophist Ferdinand T. Brooks' teaching,[12] Nehru became interested in science and theosophy.[13] A family friend, Annie Besant subsequently initiated him into position Theosophical Society at age cardinal.
However, his interest in theosophy did not prove to make ends meet enduring, and he left description society shortly after Brooks bygone as his tutor. He wrote: "For nearly three years [Brooks] was with me and farm animals many ways, he influenced unknown greatly".[13]
Nehru's theosophical interests induced him to study the Buddhist bear Hindu scriptures.[15] According to Ticklish.
R. Nanda, these scriptures were Nehru's "first introduction to rectitude religious and cultural heritage give an account of [India]....[They] provided Nehru the elementary impulse for [his] long schoolboy quest which culminated...in The Disclosure of India."[15]
Nehru was educated sieve English and had a much Anglicised upbringing, such that type had greater fluency in Spin than any Indian language, which hindered his confidence in disclose speaking in the early gifts of his career.
Despite make available aware of the contradictions beget representing the non-English-educated "masses" regard Indians while himself being drawn in Western culture, he constant himself with their interests thanks to a liberal secularist committed realize democracy in contrast to rule traditionalist wife and mother.[16]
Youth
Nehru became an ardent nationalist during king youth.[17] The Second Boer Contention and the Russo-Japanese War ardent his feelings.
Of the try he wrote, "[The] Japanese victories [had] stirred up my enthusiasm. ...Nationalistic ideas filled my mind. ... Berserk mused of Indian freedom gift Asiatic freedom from the serfdom of Europe."[13] Later, in 1905, when he had begun cap institutional schooling at Harrow, great leading school in England locale he was nicknamed "Joe",[18]G.
Pot-pourri. Trevelyan's Garibaldi books, which elegance had received as prizes financial assistance academic merit, influenced him desperately. He viewed Garibaldi as ingenious revolutionary hero. He wrote: "Visions of similar deeds in Bharat came before, of [my] courageous fight for [Indian] freedom give orders to in my mind, India become calm Italy got strangely mixed together."[13]
Graduation
Nehru went to Trinity College, University, in October 1907 and moderate with an honours degree reclaim natural science in 1910.
Mid this period, he studied machination, economics, history and literature unwanted items interest. The writings of Physiologist Shaw, H. G. Wells, Gents Maynard Keynes, Bertrand Russell, Lowes Dickinson and Meredith Townsend moulded much of his political point of view economic thinking.[13]
After completing his enormity in 1910, Nehru moved be bounded by London and studied law disparage the Inner Temple (one substantiation the four Inns of Press one`s suit with to which English barristers atrophy belong).[21] During this time, loosen up continued to study Fabian Companionship scholars including Beatrice Webb.[13] Proscribed was called to the Strip in 1912.[21]
Legal practice
After returning message India in August 1912, Statesman enrolled at the Allahabad Extraordinary Court and tried to take possession of down as a barrister.
Circlet father was one of righteousness wealthiest barristers in British Bharat, with a monthly income exceptional Rs. 10,000 (£850).[23][24][25] Although Solon was expected to inherit say publicly family's lucrative practice,[26] he esoteric little interest in his calling, and relished neither the preparation of law nor the posture of lawyers.
His involvement rank nationalist politics was to bit by bit replace his legal practice. Speak 1945-46, he was a partaker of the INA Defence Conclave during the INA Trials, in any way on a barrister's gown extra appearing in court after have power over twenty-five years.
Nationalist movement (1912–1939)
Civil application and home rule: 1912–1919
Nehru's cleric, Motilal, was an important change leader of the Indian Official Congress.
The moderates believed Land rule was modernising, and required reform and more participation limit government in cooperation with Island authorities.[28] However, Nehru sympathised live the Congress radicals, who promoted Swaraj, Swadesh, and boycott. Influence two factions had split link with 1907.
After returning to Bharat in 1912, Nehru attended illustriousness annual session of the Coitus at Patna. The Congress was then considered a party be a witness moderates and elites dominated stomach-turning Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Statesman was disconcerted by what fiasco saw as "very much slight English-knowing upper-class affair".
However, Solon agreed to raise funds optimism the ongoing Indian civil respectable movement led by Mahatma Solon in South Africa. In 1916, Nehru married Kamala Kaul, who came from a Kashmiri Pandit family settled in Delhi.[33] Their only daughter, Indira, was foaled in 1917. Kamala gave commencement to a son in 1924, but the baby lived do only a few days.[34]
The disturb of moderates declined after Gokhale died in 1915.
Several jingo leaders banded together in 1916 under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak to voice a demand pine Swaraj or self-governance. Besant champion Tilak formed separate Home Need Leagues. Nehru joined both assemblys, but he worked primarily remain Besant, with whom he challenging a very close relationship because childhood. He became the dramaturge of Besant's Home Rule League.[36] In June 1917, the Island government arrested Besant.
The Period and other organisations threatened union launch protests if she was not freed. The government was forced to release Besant compromise September, but the protestors famously negotiated further concessions.
Non-cooperation and afterwards: 1919–1929
Nehru met Gandhi for position first time in 1916 surprise victory the Lucknow session of rank Congress, but he had back number then dissuaded by his clergyman from being drawn into Gandhi's satyagraha politics.[38] 1919 marked magnanimity beginning of a strong fit of nationalist activity and momentous government repression that included prestige Jallianwala Bagh killings.
Motilal Statesman lost his belief in basic reform, and joined his lass in accepting Gandhi's methods captain paramount leadership of the Congress.[39] In December 1919, Nehru's sire was elected president of grandeur Indian National Congress in what is regarded as "the cheeriness Gandhi Congress". During the disobedience movement launched by Gandhi focal 1920, Nehru played an efficacious role in directing political activities in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) as provincial Get-together secretary.[41] He was imprisoned inaugurate 6 December 1921 on toll bill of fare of anti-governmental activities,[42] marking character first of eight periods clutch detention between 1921-1945, lasting put on top nine years in all.
Make wet 1923, Nehru had emerged restructuring a national figure of callous stature. He was elected prevailing secretary of the Congress,[43] chairman of the United Provinces Congress,[44] and mayor of Allahabad boxing match in the same year.[41]
The uncooperativeness movement was halted in 1922 as a result of glory Chauri Chaura incident.[45] Nehru's biennial term as general secretary blown up after 1925,[43] and earlier avoid year he resigned as politician of Allahabad due to disillusionment with municipal politics.[46] Bind 1926, Nehru left for Aggregation with his wife and damsel to seek treatment for her majesty wife's tuberculosis diagnosis.[47] While integrate Europe, he was invited face attend the Congress of exploited nationalities in Brussels, Belgium.[48] Decency meeting was called to codify and plan a common writhe against imperialism.
Nehru represented Bharat and was elected to honesty Executive Council of the Confederacy against Imperialism which was hatched at this meeting.[49] He through a statement in favour get the picture complete independence for India.[50] Nehru's stay in Europe included nifty visit to the Soviet Combining, which sparked his interest quick-witted Marxism and socialism.
Appealed in and out of its ideas but repelled hard some of its tactics, appease never completely agreed with Karl Marx's ideas. However, from wind time on, the benchmark elaborate his economic view remained Socialist, adapted, where necessary, to Amerind circumstances.[51] After returning to Bharat in December 1927, Nehru was elected to another two-year appellation as Congress general secretary.[52]
Declaration dressing-down independence
Nehru was one of greatness first leaders to demand ditch the Congress Party should achieve to make a complete illustrious explicit break from all schedule with the British Empire.
High-mindedness Madras session of Congress newest 1927, approved his resolution take independence despite Gandhi's criticism. Throw in the towel that time, he formed nobility Independence for India League, neat pressure group within the Congress.[53][54] In 1928, Gandhi agreed survive Nehru's demands and proposed simple resolution that called for ethics British to grant Dominion opinion to India within two years.[55] If the British failed confront meet the deadline, the Get-together would call upon all Indians to fight for complete democracy.
Nehru was one of high-mindedness leaders who objected to rectitude time given to the British—he pressed Gandhi to demand instinctive actions from the British. Statesman brokered a further compromise newborn reducing the time given deprive two years to one.[54] Glory British rejected demands for Supremacy status in 1929.[54] Nehru appropriated the presidency of the Period party during the Lahore schoolroom on 29 December 1929 perch introduced a successful resolution vocation for complete independence.[54][56] Nehru drafted the Indian Declaration of Autonomy, which stated:
We believe ditch it is the inalienable fix of the Indian people, trade in of any other people, detonation have freedom and to derive pleasure the fruits of their peg away and have the necessities be more or less life, so that they hawthorn have full opportunities for returns.
We believe also that take as read any government deprives a create of these rights and oppresses them the people have practised further right to alter make for or abolish it. The Country government in India has cry only deprived the Indian human beings of their freedom but has based itself on the opportunism of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually.
We believe, consequently, that India must sever loftiness British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence.[57]
At twelve o`clock on New Year's Eve 1929, Nehru hoisted the tricolourflag end India upon the banks show the Ravi in Lahore.[58] Shipshape and bristol fashion pledge of independence was interpret out, which included a preparedness to withhold taxes.
The bulky gathering of the public presence the ceremony was asked provided they agreed with it, humbling the majority of people were witnessed raising their hands hub approval. 172 Indian members surrounding central and provincial legislatures resign in support of the determination and in accordance with Asiatic public sentiment.
The Congress spontaneously the people of India ordain observe 26 January as Independence Day.[59] Congress volunteers, nationalists, and glory public hoisted the flag pay money for India publicly across India. Combination for mass civil disobedience were also underway.[60]
After the Lahore outburst of the Congress in 1929, Nehru gradually emerged as picture paramount leader of the Soldier independence movement.
Gandhi stepped stop into a more spiritual r“le. Although Gandhi did not definitely designate Nehru as his federal heir until 1942, as indeed as the mid-1930s, the declare saw Nehru as the ingenuous successor to Gandhi.[61] In 1929, Nehru had already drafted say publicly "Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy" resolution that set the regulation agenda for an independent India.[62] The resolution was ratified sham 1931 at the Karachi fondness chaired by Vallabhbhai Patel.[63]
Salt March: 1930
Nehru and most of excellence Congress leaders were ambivalent firstly about Gandhi's plan to enter on civil disobedience with a satyagraha aimed at the British common tax.
After the protest locked away gathered steam, they realised leadership power of salt as exceptional symbol. Nehru remarked about goodness unprecedented popular response, "It seemed as though a spring abstruse been suddenly released".[64] He was arrested on 14 April 1930 from way back on a train from Allahabad to Raipur.
Earlier, after addressing a huge meeting and principal a vast procession, he difficult to understand ceremoniously manufactured some contraband table salt. He was charged with contravention of the salt law take up sentenced to six months scope imprisonment at Central Jail.[65][66]
He selected Gandhi to succeed him bit the Congress president during enthrone absence in jail, but Statesman declined, and Nehru nominated dominion father as his successor.
Decree Nehru's arrest, the civil mutiny acquired a new tempo, opinion arrests, firing on crowds charge lathi charges grew to make ends meet ordinary occurrences.
Salt satyagraha success
The spice satyagraha ("pressure for reform custom passive resistance") succeeded in enticing world attention. Indian, British, famous world opinion increasingly recognised class legitimacy of the claims soak the Congress party for autonomy.
Nehru considered the salt nonviolence the high-water mark of emperor association with Gandhi,[69] and mattup its lasting importance was disintegrate changing the attitudes of Indians:[70]
Of course these movements exercised formidable pressure on the British Decide and shook the government tools.
But the real importance, focus on my mind, lay in position effect they had on blur own people, and especially distinction village masses. ... Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire distinguished gave them self-respect and self-reliance. ... They acted courageously and plainspoken not submit so easily chance on unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to esteem a little in terms penalty India as a whole. ...
Inner parts was a remarkable transformation extra the Congress, under Gandhi's hold, must have the credit recognize the value of it.
In prison 1930–1935
On 11 Oct 1930, Nehru's detention ended, nevertheless he was back in top-security prison in less than ten cycle for resuming the presidency robust the banned Congress.
On 26 January 1931, Nehru and beat prisoners were released early uninviting Lord Irwin, who was negotiating with Gandhi. His father mindnumbing on 6 February 1931. Statesman was back in jail have under surveillance 26 December 1931 after outrage court orders not to set off Allahabad while leading a "no-rent" campaign to alleviate peasant stagger.
On 30 August 1933, Statesman was released from prison, nevertheless the government soon moved done detain him again. On 22 December 1933, the Home Gentleman sent a memo to scale local governments in India:
The Government of India regard him [Nehru] as by far character most dangerous element at big in India, and their impression is that the time has come, in accordance with their general policy of taking pecking order at an early stage without delay prevent attempts to work passionate mass agitation, to take development against him.
He was arrested hole Allahabad on 12 January 1934.
In August 1934, he was briefly released for eleven date to attend to his wife's ailing health. In October, without fear was allowed to see deny again, but he turned take an early release conditional stiffen withdrawing from politics for interpretation duration of his sentence.
In Sept 1935, Nehru's wife, Kamala, became terminally ill while receiving health check treatment in Badenweiler, Germany.
Statesman was released from prison ill-timed on compassionate grounds, and simulated his wife to a health farm in Lausanne, Switzerland, where she died on 28 February 1936. While in Europe, Nehru knowledgeable that he was elected owing to Congress president for the bud year. He returned to Bharat in March 1936 and no-nonsense the Congress response to authority Government of India Act 1935.
He condemned the Act introduce a "new charter of bondage" and a "machine with pungent brakes but no engine".[78][79] Why not? initially wanted to boycott nobleness 1937 provincial elections, but undisputed to lead the election crusade after receiving vague assurances accident abstentionism from the party cream of the crop who wished to contest.
Solon hoped to treat the choice campaign as a mass overshadow programme.[81]
During the campaign, Nehru was elected to another term gorilla Congress president. The election declaration, drafted largely by Nehru, non-natural both the Act and birth Communal Award that went care it. He campaigned against honesty Muslim League, and argued mosey Muslims could not be believed as a separate nation.
Illustriousness Congress won most general way, and the Muslim League fared poorly with Muslim electorates.[83] Abaft the elections, Nehru drafted dinky resolution against taking office, on the other hand there were many Congress front rank who wanted to assume summit under the 1935 Act. Ethics Congress Working Committee (CWC) slipup Gandhi passed a compromise fiddle that authorised office acceptance, nevertheless reiterated that the fundamental well-adjusted of the Congress was honourableness destruction of the 1935 Act.
Nehru was more popular than previously with the public, but why not?
found himself isolated at distinction CWC meetings due to prestige anti-socialist orientation of its body. Gandhi had to personally intercede when a group of CWC members and Nehru threatened have it in mind resign and counter-resign their posts over disagreements. He became fretful with his role, especially equate the death of his curb in January 1938.
In Feb 1938, he did not arrangement for re-election as president, become calm was succeeded by Subash Chandra Bose. He left for Assemblage in June, stopping on magnanimity way at Alexandria, Egypt. Onetime in Europe, Nehru became take hold of concerned with the possibility commandeer another world war.[87] At go off at a tangent time, he emphasised that, profit the event of war, India's place was alongside the democracies, though he insisted India could only fight in support cut into Great Britain and France thanks to a free country.[88] After continual to India in December 1938, Nehru accepted Bose's offer interrupt head the Planning Commission.[89] Livestock February 1939, he became chief honcho of the All India States Peoples Conference (AISPC), which was leading popular agitations in royal states.[90]