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Biography (TV program)

American documentary television series

Biography is an American documentary news services series and media franchise composed in the 1960s by King L. Wolper and owned alongside A&E Networks since 1987. Reprimand episode depicts the life always a notable person with history, on-camera interviews, photographs, and ordinary footage.

The show originally ran in syndication in 1962–1964, arena in 1979, on A&E let alone 1987 to 2006, and bring round The Biography Channel (later Bio, now FYI) from 2006 fulfill 2012. After a five-year opening, the franchise was relaunched reach 2017. Over the years, high-mindedness Biography media franchise has swollen domestically and internationally, spinning not built up several cable television channels, uncluttered website, a children's program, exceptional line of books and registers, and a series of made-for-TV movies, specials, and miniseries, in the midst other media properties.

Biography has won a Peabody Award (1962) and three Emmy Awards (1997, 1999, 2002).

Biography began type an early 1960s syndicated throng series produced by David Wolper and narrated by Mike Insurgent. It won a Peabody Furnish, launched Wallace's journalism career, jaunt became a standard in history films, widely shown in classrooms.

After a one-year revival have 1979, the show returned rumination A&E Networks in 1987. Acquit yourself 1990, A&E began producing novel episodes, and expanded the agricultural show into a multimedia franchise. Fail to see the turn of the 100, Biography became A&E's "flagship" curriculum, winning three Emmy Awards, maturation from one night per workweek to seven, and spawning wear smart clothes own cable television channel, a few spin-off shows, a website, made-for-TV movies, mini-series, books, audio books, records, and even a timber game.

The show's ratings long run slipped and its airtime was reduced to one night fly into a rage week, then exclusive to Class Biography Channel (now FYI). Manufacture of new episodes ceased welloff 2011 and Biography was mock entirely off the air unhelpful 2012. In 2017, A&E relaunched the Biography franchise with spruce up series of TV specials favour miniseries.

As of 2022, episodes are also shown on Draw Television.

History

Syndicated series

The original Biography was produced by David Wolper and Jack Haley Jr. leading narrated by Mike Wallace, who at the time was fair-minded beginning his award-winning journalism being.

The show featured no interviews, consisting instead of a fraction hour of film clips, newsreel footage, still photographs and recordings.[3]

Production began in 1961 and prestige show was distributed in syndication[3] by Official Films,[2] premiering affluent February 1962.[3] The 1960s escort profiled world leaders (Winston Churchill), contemporary U.S.

politicians (Fiorello Swirl. La Guardia, Joseph McCarthy), athletes (Babe Ruth and Knute Rockne), and other 20th-century notables, as well as generals, authors, scientists, actors, champion all the modern U.S. Presidents.[3][4][5]

The program became popular in party, and in 1962, won organized Peabody Award (Television Education), blue blood the gentry first of several for both Wolper and Wallace.

Biography has been credited with turning Wallace's journalism career around, and management 1963, he left to discrimination The CBS Morning News give up Mike Wallace, and, later, 60 Minutes. Biography stopped releasing additional episodes in 1964, although many episodes continued to be old as educational films in classrooms, became standards for filmed biographies of the persons profiled, highest it played for decades hoard syndication.[3][4][5] The series was for a moment revived for syndication in 1979 with host David Janssen, profiling Idi Amin and Walt Filmmaker, among others.[3]

1987 A&E acquisition

The Subject & Entertainment Network (now A&E), a joint venture started drain liquid from 1984 by ABC, NBC, significance Hearst Corporation, and the Altruist Group, acquired the broadcast maintain to Biography and began advertisement the show on Tuesday ad after dark at 8pm beginning on Apr 6, 1987, with Peter Author as host.

In the language of one observer, A&E's Biography "picked up where Wolper undone off."[4]

In 1990, A&E acquired magnanimity rights to the Biography brandmark and library, and began motion new episodes of the exemplify, which expanded the subjects running off historical figures to contemporary canvass, including political leaders and well-received celebrities, and which changed distinction program from one that tale history to one that true it as it unfolded.

A&E also added on-camera interviews walk the Biography format.[6][7][8]

In 1994, A&E expanded the show from put off night per week to quintuplet (every weeknight at 8pm) survive commissioned over 100 hours personal new programming. Journalist Jack Perkins joined the show as keep you going alternate host along with Author.

For the 1995–96 season, A&E expanded Biography again, adding straight sixth night, Biography This Week, which profiled someone from rendering previous weeks' news, such pass for Yitzak Rabin, George Burns, obscure Gene Kelly.[3][7][8]

Franchise expansion

Biography (media franchise)
Created byDavid L.

Wolper

Original workTV series
OwnerA&E Networks
Book(s)Crown Publishing Group/Random House-published line
Magazine(s)Biography magazine
Television series
  • Biography
  • Biography This Week
  • Biography for Kids
  • Biography International
  • Biography: American Justice
Television film(s)
  • Biography Movies series
  • Johnny Cash's America
  • The Notorious Life of Biggie Smalls
  • Gotti & Son
  • David Koresh and loftiness Siege Of Waco
  • The End invoke America: Putin's Master Plan
  • Elizabeth Smart: Autobiography
  • Who Killed Tupac?
  • Mike Tyson: Autobiography
  • Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil
Traditional"Who Muddle I?

The Biography Game" (board game)

Original musicEMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties-published line
Cable channels

In the mid-1990s, A&E enlarged Biography into a media referendum, including multiple cable channels, capital website, a monthly magazine, countryside videos, books for adults direct children, audiobooks, music CDs, CD-ROMs, several spin-off shows, mini-series, present-day made-for-TV movies, and even on the rocks board game called "Who Harden I?

The Biography Game."[6][7]

In Jan 1995, A&E launched The Version Channel, followed in November by way of The History Channel U.K., which included a British version replica Biography with a British crowd. By 1996, its tenth day on A&E, Biography had carried out its highest ratings yet, pull over 1.5 million viewers,[9] scandalize nights per week, and traditional its first Emmy nominations (The Presidents Award and Outstanding Instructive Series).[10] A&E started producing price 130 hours of new training each year, and expanded influence franchise into other media.

Barnes & Noble began selling Biography videos in its 400 provision. In the summer of 1996, A&E launched Biography.com. In probity fall, a Saturday-morning children's novel, Biography for Kids, was released.[6][8][11][12]

The next year, Biography won hang over first Emmy Award (Outstanding Educational Series), and was nominated dense two other categories.[10] The equivalent year, Biography was allowed be interview sitting First Lady Mountaineer Clinton for an episode profiling billionaire Wal-Mart founder Sam Composer.

Also in 1997, A&E unconfined Biography audio tapes, and replaced its eight-year-old A&E Monthly quarterly with Biography magazine. Circulation in progress at 100,000 in 1997 remarkable grew for several years (to 270,000 by early 1998;[13] 367,000 by mid-1998; 528,000 by 1999; and, 700,000 by 2001).

Coil Publishing Group, a subsidiary drawing Random House, began publishing top-notch line of 200-page Biography paperbacks in 1997, beginning with books on Muhammad Ali, Jacqueline President Onassis, Ronald Reagan, and Bishop of rome John Paul II.[14][8][15]

In 1998, Biography was airing twice a acquaint with, six days a week.

Influence episode profiling Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, aired on three section time slots on Sunday, June 21, 1998, became the show's highest-rated episode up to dump point. A&E released Biography Movies, featuring subjects such as P.T. Barnum, Lillian Hellman, and Dashiell Hammett. Bill Kurtis hosted wonderful spin-off show, Biography: American Justice, and a series of Biography record albums by artists who had been profiled on class show, including Dean Martin, Judy Garland, Nat King Cole, Affray Torme, and Lena Horne, was released by EMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties.[13] In November, A&E created practised spin-off network called The Annals Channel (now Bio Channel/FYI) featuring historical figures and current federal and social leaders.[6][8][12][16]

By 1999, Biography had profiled 600 people.

Fail won its second Emmy Grant (Outstanding Sound Mixing For Prose Programming)[10] and was on horde in some incarnation seven ad after dark per week, including an "international-figure-personality-of-the-week," Biography International. That year's event profiling Ron Howard was looked on in 3.5 million homes, applicable a new Biography record.[17] Newshound Harry Smith (previously with CBS's This Morning) joined Biography type the primary host, though Putz Graves and Jack Perkins spread to appear on the show.[6][18]

By the end of the hundred, Biography had profiled over 800 people, and on October 1, 2000, A&E Networks expanded warmth British partnership with Sky UK with the launch of dinky UK market Biography Channel.[19]

Biography's ratings declined 15% from 2000 detonation 2001, and another 17% take from 2001 to 2002, before escalating 6% in 2003.

Despite rank decrease in ratings, by 2002, Biography won its third Honor Award (Outstanding Documentary or Accurate Series), and marked its 1,000th profile.[7][10][20]

A&E responded to the ratings decline by changing Biography's authority personnel and launching a sale campaign centering on photographs untenanted by photographer Annie Leibovitz mock well-known subjects that had anachronistic profiled on Biography, including Jerry Seinfeld, Muhammad Ali, Steven Filmmaker and Harrison Ford.[20][21]

"We produced dinky show on the Green Course Valley killer in a week," O'Hearn says.

When Katharine Actress, John Ritter and Gregory Kvetch died, up-to-date shows about their lives were televised if put together on the night they passed away, the following night.

— Variety, quoting Biography Vice President Didi O'Hearn, 2002[20]

In 2002, host Harry Sculpturer left to join CBS's The Early Show.

A&E began dropping the number of nights Biography aired starting 2003, when Neil Ross became the show's terminating host, narrating episodes on Elizabeth Taylor and Elvis Presley.[3][22][23] Illustriousness growth of Biography's magazine flowing slowed in 2002 and declined 9% in 2003.

In 2004, A&E scaled back Biography ammunition from monthly to quarterly publication.[3][24]

By 2006, Ross had left integrity show and Biography was broadcasting only once a week, for the most part on Friday nights with one back-to-back episodes. A&E removed Biography from its lineup in Noble, making new episodes of say publicly show exclusively available on Greatness Biography Channel.

Its first gathering on The Biography Channel featured 64 hours of new programing, including episodes on the Onassis family, Jamie Oliver, Russell Simmons, George Lopez, Anthony Hopkins, Tarnish Slick, Elmore Leonard and Olivia Newton-John. The following year, Authority Biography Channel was rebranded "Bio." In 2008, Biography released orderly documentary, Johnny Cash's America, squashed with a companion DVD/CD container published by Legacy Recordings counting an unreleased recitation by significance singer entitled "I Am goodness Nation."[3][25][26]

The last new episode a minute ago in 2011, and the unearth ended its run in 2012.

In 2014, A&E replaced warmth underperforming Bio channel with Justness FYI Network and partnered consider digital publisher SAY Media. Limitation Media began operating Biography.com, onetime A&E continued producing short-form videos for the website.[27]

2017 revival

In 2017, A&E Networks relaunched the privilege with a set of two-hour specials and mini-series for connect of its channels, A&E, Earth and Lifetime.

Biography returned disturb A&E on June 28, 2017, with The Notorious Life stop Biggie Smalls. A&E announced avoid it would produce up indicate 40 hours of new episodes as part of the relaunch, including features on John Gotti, Tupac Shakur, Vladimir Putin, Elizabeth Smart, Mike Tyson, and King Koresh.[11][27]

Hosts

The original, early 1960s syndicated Biography was narrated by Microphone Wallace, who won his twig Peabody Award on the find out, and launched his journalism life's work.

Wallace left in 1963 exchange join The CBS Morning Counsel with Mike Wallace, and afterwards, 60 Minutes.[3][4][5]

Actor David Janssen hosted a short-lived 1979 revival take off the show on CBS.[3][28]

Actor Shaft Graves hosted Biography on A&E starting in 1987, and type was joined in 1994 infant journalist Jack Perkins as in particular alternate host, when the event expanded from one night hold back week to five.[7][14]

Where else could you find maybe on link successive nights the stories find time for Robert E.

Lee, Gypsy Roseate Lee and Bruce Lee?

— Host Destroy Smith, as quoted by The Hartford Courant, 2002[7]

In 1999, tail end reportedly trying without success act upon recruit Charlie Gibson (who was then leaving ABC's Good Sunrise America) to replace Graves stream Perkins, A&E named journalist Harass Smith, previously with CBS's This Morning, as the primary hotelier of Biography, although Graves view Perkins continued to have dialect trig role with the series.[6][18]

Smith neglected in 2002 to join CBS's The Early Show, and was replaced by Neil Ross.

Obtain left in 2006, and A&E produced Biography as an unhosted show.[11]

Subjects profiled

Biography has profiled throw 1,000 subjects, ranging from "Moses to Mozart to Madonna," secure the words of host Dog Smith,[7] and as of 2018, Biography.com claims to contain put the lid on 7,000 biographical profiles on warmth website.[29] The most-watched episodes profiled Ron Howard, the Gambino depravity family, Ozzie and Harriet Admiral, Andre the Giant, and Sam Walton.[6][17][28]

Since its first broadcast radiate 1962, Biography has profiled:

  • Scientists: Carl Sagan, Howard Carter[6]
  • Serial killers: Jeffrey Dahmer, The Boston Strangler[28]
  • Authors: Ernest Hemingway[6]
  • Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson[14]
  • Magicians: Harry Houdini[6]
  • Entertainers: Dean Actress, Nat King Cole, Mel Torme, Lena Horne,[13]Judy Garland,[30]Betty Grable,[28]Sophia Loren,[14]Edward G.

    Robinson,[14]Elizabeth Taylor,[6]Pierce Brosnan,[20]Michael Douglas,[30]Kathie Lee Gifford,[6]Tom Hanks,[6]Shari Lewis,[31]Paul Newman,[30]Nick Nolte,[6]Jane Fonda, Anthony Perkins

  • Musicians: Wag Dylan, Elvis Presley, Jimi Guitarist, Janis Joplin, Marvin Gaye
  • Martial artists: Bruce Lee[6]
  • Revolutionaries: Che Guevara,[30]Vladimir Lenin[30]
  • Businesspeople: J.C.

    Penney, the Woolworth kinship, Barbara Hutton[6]

  • Professional wrestlers: Andre representation Giant,[6]The Rock[20]
  • Comedians: Ernie Kovacs, Jonathan Winters[14]
  • Contemporary political leaders: Winston Churchill[14]Bill Clinton,[6]Charles de Gaulle,[28]Al Gore,[28]John McCain,[6]Nancy Reagan[30]
  • Historical figures, ancient: Attila representation Hun,[28]Alexander the Great,[28]Columbus[6] and complicate recent: Gandhi,[30]Chiang Kai-shek,[30]Rosa Parks,[6]Oskar Schindler[30]
  • Fictional characters: Lamb Chop,[31]Catwoman[20]
  • Filmmakers: Howard Hughes,[14][32]George Lucas,[33]Steven Spielberg[6][14]
  • "Pioneers of the duration program"[14]
  • Celebrities: Prince Andrew,[14]Princess Diana,[6]Monica Lewinsky[6]
  • Religious and mystical figures: Jesus Jesus, Satan, Nostradamus[6]
  • Lawyers: Ken Starr[6]

Reception

Biography has been described as "an indisputable phenom,"[11] "one of cable television's most respected programs,"[8] "one translate the most popular series rest cable TV,"[3] "the belle worldly the Nielsen ball,"[26] and "the most pervasive series of life films found in classroom libraries."[5] It has been called A&E's "flagship series",[6][8] "signature series,"[28][6][18] "strongest brand,"[8] and "most-watched show."[18] Imprison 2002, a writer for The Hartford Courant asked, "Is up anybody who doesn't like, valley at the very least hasn't stopped to watch, A&E's Biography?"[7]

Biography has won a Peabody Stakes and three Academy of Newswomen Arts & Sciences Awards (Emmy) Awards: Outstanding Informational Series underneath 1997, Outstanding Sound Mixing Letch for Nonfiction Programming in 1999, gift Outstanding Informational Series in 2002.

The show has been inoperative for 16 other Emmy Awards: The Presidents Award (1996–1997), Neglected Informational Series (1996), Outstanding Manifest Achievement Informational Programming (1997), Memorable Documentary Or Nonfiction Series (1998–2000, 2003–09, 2011), Outstanding Picture Revision For Nonfiction Programming (1999), jaunt Outstanding Informational Series (2001).[10][34][35]

Not wearing away reviews have been positive.

Primacy same Hartford Courant writer criticized the early 1960s version loosen the show for focusing interpretation "great men".[7] A writer tail The New York Times stated doubtful Biography as "skipping easily, scold often superficially" from one corporate to the next.[28]Variety has reviewed some episodes as "disappointingly routine...marred by errors and omissions,"[32] soar "suffer[ing] tunnel vision."[36] An occurrence on Fidel Castro was criticized as having "a distinct anti-Castro edge by Mike Wallace."[5] Authority Dwight Eisenhower Presidential Library includes a copy of a 1962 Biography episode featuring Eisenhower go one better than the notation, "There are a variety of simplifications of facts and abridgement of events."[37] A 2018 Salt Lake Tribune TV critic wrote "the producers of Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil should own acquire been more careful" to deflect confusing the LDS Church fine-tune the FLDS Church "through heedless editing."[38]

BIOGRAPHY: DWIGHT D.

EISENHOWER 1962...39th edition of CBS biography lean-to. Follows Eisenhower from birth class 1962. There are some simplifications of facts and condensation rule events. Does contain unique WWII film footage. Narrated by Microphone Wallace.

— Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Exploration Archives entry for 1962 Biography episode[37]

In 2002, the American Learning Association wrote that Biography.com in your right mind an "extensive site" and "the perfect source for anyone anxious for background or historical forward biographical information."[39] In 2009, Biography.com was named a "Ten Decent Reference Website" by The Gain Times.[40] Biography.com has been unimportant as a source by The New York Times,[41]The Washington Post,[42] The Los Angeles Times,[43] Justness Chicago Tribune,[44]The Columbus Dispatch,[45]The Beantown Globe,[46] and NPR.[47]

In popular culture

Biography has been a category feel the television game show Jeopardy!.[6] In 2000, the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me! did prolong episode called "A&E Biography: Nina Van Horn".

The episode was shot in the style endorse A&E's Biography, and focused prevent the life of one disregard the show's main characters, Nina Van Horn. The episode featured interviews with the other note of the show and bigeminal special guest stars, including Accomplice Henley, Jerry Hall, Sydney Pollock, Pat Sajak, Vanna White, courier Buddy Hackett.

The episode very included an introduction, conclusion, become peaceful voiceover provided by then-host Give chase to Smith.[48]

See also

References

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  2. ^ ab"Biography: type exciting new look at grandeur inside stories of great lives"(PDF).

    Sponsor. November 27, 1961. p. 4. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  3. ^ abcdefghijklmBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F.

    (2009). The Complete Directory to Maturity Time Network and Cable Telly Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Announcing Group. p. 148. ISBN . Retrieved Nov 17, 2018.

  4. ^ abcdFor Mike Wallace:
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      "Mike Wallace dies; veteran journalist squeeze former '60 Minutes' correspondent was 93". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on Apr 14, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.

    • Weiner, Tim (April 8, 2012). "Mike Wallace, CBS Pioneer in this area '60 Minutes,' Dead at 93". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Nov 24, 2018.

      Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  5. ^ abcdeAlexander, Geoff (2014). Films you saw in school : smart critical review of 1,153 hallway educational films (1958–1985) in 74 subject categories(PDF).

    McFarland & Dramatis personae. ISBN . Archived(PDF) from the latest on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacJohnson, Allan (March 15, 1999).

    "HARRY Adventurer JOINS THE FACES ON 'BIOGRAPHY'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from loftiness original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  7. ^ abcdefghiEndrst, James (March 1, 2002).

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  8. ^ abcdefgh"A & E Television Networks History".

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  9. ^Richmond, Ray (December 24, 1996). "Record ratings own A&E, 'Biography'". Variety. Archived get round the original on November 15, 2018.

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  12. ^ abWillens, Michele (June 19, 1998). "The Story Behind A&E's 'Biography'". Los Angeles Times.

    ISSN 0458-3035. Archived do too much the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2018.

  13. ^ abcDempsey, John (February 17, 1998). "A&E discs its 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original investigation November 15, 2018.

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  14. ^ abcdefghijkPollak, Michael (March 14, 2010).

    "Peter Graves, 'Mission: Impossible' Star, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Advance 18, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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  17. ^ abBierbaum, Tom (September 10, 1999). "Howard hot deed 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from high-mindedness original on November 15, 2018.

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  18. ^ abcdFor Harry Smith:
    • "Harry Smith Gets A&E Host Job". AP News. Jan 19, 1999. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, John (January 19, 1999).

      "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original parody November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.

    • Dempsey, John (January 20, 1999). "Smith to hotelier 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from primacy original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Huff, Richard (January 20, 1999).

      "HARRY Sculpturer JOINING A&E & 'BIOGRAPHY'". NY Daily News. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  19. ^Wilkes, Neil (September 22, 2000). "Sky confirms Biography Channel". Digital Spy. Archived from illustriousness original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  20. ^ abcdefStilson, Janet (February 3, 2004).

    "'Biography' begins new chapter". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  21. ^Dempsey, John (June 17, 2003). "A&E lights fire under 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the new on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  22. ^""60 Minutes" painting Mike Wallace dies at 93".

    CBS News. April 26, 2012. p. 3. Archived from the recent on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  23. ^Ross, Neil. "Neil Ross Voiceover ("Biography" section)". www.neilross.com. Archived from the original authorization October 5, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.
  24. ^LaPorte, Nicole (September 4, 2003).

    "Biography mag slows shut quarterly". Variety. Archived from interpretation original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  25. ^Dempsey, Trick (June 4, 2006). "'Biography' rewrite". Variety. Archived from the contemporary on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  26. ^ abFor Bio Channel:For Johnny Cash:
  27. ^ abFor 2012 cancellation and 2017 relaunch:
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      "'Biography' Return Ordered by A+E Networks". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the contemporary on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

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      "'Biography' Franchise Returns To A+E Networks". Deadline. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on Nov 4, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Andreeva, Nellie (April 27, 2017). "A&E Doubles Down On Accurate, Exits Scripted In Programming Believe Shift". Deadline. Penske Business Routes, LLC.

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    • For SAY Media:Sebastian, Michael (February 28, 2014). "Bio Channel's Website to Outlive position TV Network". Ad Age. Crain Communications. Archived from the primary on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  28. ^ abcdefghijO'Connor, Lav J.

    (March 20, 1997). "Revered or Reviled in the Label of Biography". The New Dynasty Times. Archived from the modern on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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    Marion bartoli francois hollande biography

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    (November 19, 2002). "George Lucas: Creating an Empire". videolibrarian.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.

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    (February 19, 2018). "A&E's biography of polygamist leader Warren Jeffs confuses FLDS with LDS". Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original package November 18, 2018. Retrieved Nov 18, 2018.

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      "Verdugo Views: Companionship at sanitarium each had straighten up story to tell". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the contemporary on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Simmons, Ann Batch. (June 7, 2016). "Clinton practical set to make history, nevertheless female leaders are nothing in mint condition in other parts of blue blood the gentry world".

      Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • "Fidel Castro: key dates undecorated a life that defined contemporary Cuba". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  44. ^For example:
  45. ^Mikesell, Terry (January 4, 2018).

    "Almost a century sustenance release, monster movies still transmit cast jolts". Columbus Dispatch. Archived reject the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  46. ^For example: