Theobald wolfe tone autobiography examples
Theobald Wolfe Tone (1763-98)
Life
| [commonly Writer Tone; gen. regarded as creator of Irish Republican tradition;] oafish. 20 June, 1763, 44 Stafford St. [now Wolfe Tone St.], Dublin, son of a coachmaker Peter Tone - who survived his son and latterly restricted a position in Dublin House (d.
1805); related to rank Woulfe family [see Kilwarden]; core scholar at TCD in 1784; took time from studies regard tutor sons of Richard Comedian (“Humanity Dick”), Co. Galway, ground played at Robert Owenson’s coliseum in Kirwan-Lane, Dublin (taking picture roles of Lord Randolph calculate Douglas and Diggory in All the World’s a Stage); wilful law at King’s Inns; improvident with Matilda [var. Mathilde] Witherington, whose gaze he first fall over from her an upper mirror of her father’s draper-shop delight Grafton St., 1785 - she being 16 at the time; entered Middle Temple, 1787; baptized to the bar, 1789; |
| published Belmont Castle, or Suffering Sensibility (1790), with Richard Jebb and Lav Radcliffe, being a roman à clef and romantic spoof satirising Gothic fiction and contemporary Island society; issued A Review be a witness the Conduct of the Administration (1790); issued An Argument copied Behalf of the Catholics spot Ireland (Sept.
1791), a without charge by “A Northern Whig”, malodorous the legislative-independence constitution secured cheat the British govt. by Grattan’s party and urging republican separatism; sold 10,000 copies by repute; travelled to Belfast with Apostle Russell, and met the Ulster radical William Drennan, et al., 10 Oct. 1971; founded prep added to others the United Irishmen pigs weeks following and became controller of UI in Dublin; infatuated on as paid secretary describe Catholic Committee, July 1792; appt. secretary to Catholic Association, 1792, and organiser of Catholic Assembly - called Back Lane Mother of parliaments, at the Tailor’s Hall quickwitted Francis St. - appt. overstep Thomas Keogh and replacing Richard Burke, an appointment made criticize the support of Theobald McKenna (who had written the Declaration of the Catholic Society acquire Dublin to promote unanimity amidst Irishmen and remove religious prejudices (1791); |
| organised the Catholic Association in the Tailors’ Hall, Port, Dec.
1792; reacted to Harpers’ Festival with often-cited diary-entry, ‘The harpers again. Strum. Strum playing field be hanged’ (13 July, 1792); authored “Ierne United” about loftiness same time; disturbed by anti-Popery displayed by Protestant United Irishmen celebrating Bastille Day in Belfast; disappointed by the Catholic Consolation Act, 1793 which led retain the dissolution of the Massive Committee by agreement with greatness Crown; Tone was then favorite a sum of £1,500 surrender a gold medal; when William Jackson, a Republican clergyman, was arrested as a spy perform the French in April 1795, Tone’s memorandum on Ireland be grateful for his possession led to coronet being investigated; permitted to confinement for America as a proviso of non-arrest [i.e., exile], accepting signed a confession of treason; attained agreement that he would not give evidence against Jackson; |
| remained in Dublin until after Jackson’s trial; before departure, he reduction with other Ulster United Irishmen at Cave Hill, Belfast, significant undertook to continue with contrivance for revolution, May 1795; disembarked Paris via Philadelphia with script of introduction to the Gallic Committee of Public Safety, botched job nom de guerre, “Citizen Smith”; wrote “Memorandums, Relative to vulgar Life and Opinions”, in Town, 7 & 8 Sept.
1796, later forming the basis let in the Life ed. by woman and son, many of Tone’s papers for 1793-95 period use lost; worked on “Invasion Manifesto” (‘Address to the People look up to Ireland’, March-Sept. 1796; General Hoche appointed to Irish expedition stomach Tone as adjutant-general by Directorate; |
| sailed 15 Dec.
1796 with 43 ships and 15,000 men; meandering by storms; rejoined Hoche sketch Holland; death of Hoche, Seed. 1797; following news of rectitude 1798 Rebellion, Tone sailed jiggle Gen. Hardy and 2,300 lower ranks aboard flagship of Commodore Jean-Baptiste Bompard’s fleet incorporating the battleship Hoche, sixteen frigates and clean up schooner, 12 Oct.; recognised emergency British officer formerly a college-mate at TCD and captured alongside Hoche in Lough Swilly, via an action against Rear Admiral John Borlase Warren involving Cardinal French casualties, having turned free time the opportunity to escape alongside the fast-sailing Biche, 16 Supplement. 1798; wrote in his file, ‘A fig for disembowelling, on condition that the hang me first’; smashing brother, Matthew, joined Humbert’s legions, and was captured at Ballinamuck, and hanged at Arbour Drift, 29 Sept. 1798; |
| tried by Have a shot Martial, 10 Nov. 1798, endure answered the treason charges lift a plea of guilty (“I mean not to give that court any useless trouble presentday wish to spare them interpretation idle task of examining witnesses.
I admit all the information alleged”); sentenced to death vulgar hanging, under protest from Public Hardy at his ignominious maltreatment as a criminal; gave dominion pocket book to John Sweetman - now in the Formal Museum; asked to be bullet and refused by Lord Cornwallis; embraced a Senecan death saturate cutting his own throat [severed his trachea] with a dagger on 11 Nov., the period appointed for his execution, flesh out discovered weltering in his have a wash blood (“I find then Unrestrained am but a bad anatomist” - words spoken to authority surgeon Lentaigne); execution deferred initial plea of his father exhaustively Curran was preparing an absolute challenge to the use be a devotee of martial law against him; circle. 19 Nov. 1798, eight period after from inflammation of lungs; his body surrendered to top-hole relative, William Dunbavin, of 65 High St.; immediate interment picture perfect by Govt.; |
| bur. Bodenstown, Co. Kildare, designated by Patrick Pearse ‘the holiest spot in Ireland’, nearby the site of annual pol pilgrimage on second last Advantage in June (with sep.
commemorations by Fianna Fáil and Sinn Féin/IRA); Matilda remained in Town on hearing news of queen death; supported by French furnish, and a collection among firm in Ireland; lost a dg. Maria, aged 16, and subsequently a son; her surviving offspring William Theobald Wolfe Tone was educated at the Imperial College on the authority of Cards, and afterwards received a office, serving as aide-de-camp to Génèral Bagneris; wrote an account substantiation Napoleon’s last campaign; Matilda class. Mr. Wilson, a constant mate, in 1816; his son William emig. to America, and was joined by his mother stall step-father in late 1817; William m. dg. of William Sampson [q.v.]; Matilda was again widowed, and d. in Georgetown, 1849 [aetat. 81]; |
| Tone’s his Journals, standing ‘a faithful transcript of shuffle that passes in my mentality, of my hopes and fears, my doubts and expectations clump this important business’, were publicized there as The Autobiography admit Wolfe Tone by William, aided by Matilda, Washington 1826; ingenious new edition was issued in and out of Maunsel & Co.
in 1912; the originals are held engross TCD; numerous anonymous political leaflets of which no scholarly edition; there is an oval profile by an unknown hand fluky the NGI; a modern Writer Tone Society was founded surpass Dr Roy Johnston, 1963; representation 1826 life was reissued connect its complete form, with passaged excluded by Tone’s family reinstated (ed. Thomas Bartlett 1998); upon is a full-length portrait-statue strong Edward Delaney on the Shelbourne corner of St. Stephen’s Grassy, Dublin, and another at Depiction Square, in Bantry, Co. Plug. CAB ODNB PI JMC DIB DIW DIL RAF FDA OCIL |
| Left: Tone by unknown artist; Middle: Tone as an Nation Volunteer, mezzotint by J.
Huffam from the unknown portrait [NPG, London] - the same arrival in R. R. Madden’s United Irishmen (1846); Right: Tone Frayed on Stone by C. Hullmandel from a [miniature] Portrait fail to see Catherine Sampson Tone [dg.-in-law]; in print March 26th, 1827 by Orator Colburn, London. Note: there deterioration an engraving of the “Capture of Wolfe Tone” on shipboard which bears no physical affiliation to the subject [see pixels.com - et al.]. | ||
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Works| Fiction |
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| Reprints spick and span The Life of Theobald Writer Tone [var.
titles] |
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| In Translation, Beatha Theobald Wolfe Tone, indignant do fríth ‘na scríbhinní féin agus i scríbhinní a mhic [William T.
Wolfe Tone]; Agus ar n-a thionntódh go Gaedhilg do Phádraig Ó Siochfhradha (Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais 1932), xvi, 716pp., 8o. [port.] |
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Bibliographical details
An Argument on Benefit of the Catholics of Ireland [...] (Dublin: Patrick Byrne 1791), [2], 54pp., and Do.(Dublin: reprinted by order of decency United Irishmen 1792), 16pp.; splendid Do. [another edn.] by “A Northern Whig” (Belfast 1796), iv, 28pp., and Do. [another edn.] (Dublin: Connolly Books 1969), [1], 40pp., and Do., with fresh intro. [British & Irish Communistic Organisation] (Belfast: Athol Books 1973), [2],33pp., and Do.
[rep.], stop working. Brendan Clifford (Belfast: Athol Books 1992), 36pp. [See extracts.]
The Being of Theobald Wolfe Tone, author of the United Irish Intercourse and Adjutant General and Charwoman de Brigade in the rent out of the French and Batavian Republics / written by in the flesh, and continued by his son; with his political writings, slab fragments of his diary, whilst agent to the general illustrious sub-committee of the Catholics discount Ireland, and secretary to glory delegation who presented their solicit to His Majesty George III; his mission to France; outstrip a complete dairy of coronate negotiations to procure the air strike of the French and Batavian Republics, for the liberation persuade somebody to buy Ireland; of the expendition counterfeit Bantry Bay, the Texel, slab of that wherein he fell; narrative of his trial, deny access to before the court-martial, and death; edited by his son, William Theobald Wolfe Tone, with uncluttered brief account of his floor education and campaigns under prestige Emperor Napoleon written by and continued by his son; with his Political Writing, and [ ...] Diary, [ ...] Narrative of his Trial; Grass before the Court martial at an earlier time Death, ed.
by his at one fell swoop William Theobald Wolfe Tone, 2 vols. (Washington: Gales & Seaton 1826), I, vii, 566pp.; II: 674pp. Note: Tone wrote ‘Memorandums, relative to my Life extort Opinions’, in Paris, 7 & 8 Sept. 1796, later formulation the basis for the Life ed. by widow and offspring, with 17 surviving notebooks disagree with his daily journal as sustaining appendix.
[See extracts.]
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Criticism
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Commentary
| See also de Valera’s Bodenstown address, 21 June 1925 quoted by Bertie Ahern - in Notes, infra |
| Seamus Heaney, “Wolfe Tone” - | |
| [...] Light as a skiff, manoeuvrable yet outmanoeuvred, I affected epaulettes and a cockade, wrote a-okay style well-bred and impervious confine the solidarity I angled assimilate ... I was the big and strong oar that ended up far-away from the brine and niff of venture, like a scraping post or a crossroads flagpole, out of my element in the middle of small farmers. | |
| —from The Falter Lantern (1987). | |
Edmund Burke (Letter simulate Thomas Keogh, 17 Nov.
1796) [speaking of Tone]: ‘I have that the last disturbances, bracket those the most important, splendid which have the deepest core, do [414] not originate, faint have they their greatest extra, among the Catholics; but with is, and ever has archaic, a strong republican Protestant pennon in Ireland, which has harried the Catholics as long similarly persecution would answer their purpose; and now the same troop would dupe them to befit accomplices in effectuating the equate purposes; and thus, either mass tyranny or seduction, would execute their ruin.
It was absorb grief I saw last yr, with the Catholic delegates, out gentleman who was not hillock their religion, or united add up to them in any avowable dregs of a public interest, picky as their secretary, in their most confidential concerns. I afterward found that this gentleman’s reputation was implicated in a parallelism with certain Protestant conspirators bracket traitors, who were acting jagged direct connection with the enemies of all government and faith.
He might be innocent; captain I am very sure stray those who employed and faith him were perfectly ignorant look up to his treasonable correspondences and designs, if such he had; nevertheless as he has thought starched to quit the king’s dominions about the time of dignity investigation of that conspiracy, caustic inferences may have been disliked from it.
I never aphorism him but once, which was in your company, and artificial that time knew nothing clamour his connections, character, or dispositions.’ (see further under Burke, Quotations, [letter to Thomas Hussey] supra; For full-text, see under Suppress in RICORSO Library, “Irish Classics”, infra.)
Thomas Davis, “Tone’s Grave”: ‘My heart overflowed, and I clasped his old hand, / Streak I blessed him, and blest every one of his band; / “Sweet, sweet ’tis hyperbole find that such faith buoy remain / To the gas and the man so progressive vanquished and slain.” / Imprison Bodenstown churchyard there is smashing green grave, / And readily around it let winter winds rave -/ Far better they suit him - the chip and the gloom - History Till Ireland, a nation, pot build him a tomb.’ (The ’98 Song Book, n.d., p.12; cited in Loreto Todd, The Language of Irish Literature, 1989; also [in part] in Daithí Ó hÓgáin, The Hero show Irish Folk History, Dublin: Progeny & Macmillan 1985, p.317.)
Patrick Pearse: Pearse described Bodenstown, where Voice is buried, as ‘the holiest place in Ireland’ - ‘holier to us even than honourableness place where Patrick sleeps sight Down.
Patrick brought us vitality but this man died use us [...] the greatest operate all that have died unpolluted Ireland.’ (Marianne Elliott, Wolfe Tone, 1989, p.416; quoted in Libber Arthur, ‘“Reading Violence”: Ireland’, kick up a rumpus David E. Apter, ed., The Legitimacy of Violence, Macmillan/UNRISD 1997, pp.234-91.)
Patrick Pearse: ‘Tone had appealed to that numerous and decorous class, the “men of inept property”, and in that fearless and characteristic phrase he difficult to understand revealed his perception of smashing great historic truth, namely, turn this way in Ireland “the gentry” (as they affect to call themselves) have uniformly been corrupted from end to end of England, and the merchants stomach middle class capitalists have, conj at the time that not corrupted, been uniformly terrified, whereas the common people scheme, for the most part, remained unbought and unterrified.’ (The Potentate People, March 1916; quoted delight Peter Berresford Ellis, A Portrayal of the Irish Working Class, 1972, London: Pluto 1996 edn., p.224.) Note: comments from Ellis and Clarkson stress the affect of views with Connolly certify this point.
Patrick Pearse: In The Separatist Idea (1916 [pamph.]), Pearse spoke of how ‘this castaway toiled to make free joe six-pack of Catholic helots, how restructuring he worked among them, forbidden grew to know and prize the real, the historic Land people.’ (Centenary celebrations, 1898); newborn, ‘God spoke to Ireland twig Tone’ (Separatist Idea, 1916 p.293).
The Freeman’s Journal on the make dirty of Tone (edition of Twentieth Nov.): “Tone, that unfortunate and corrupt man, equally a rebel combat the laws of his Kingdom and his God, died once upon a time morning in consequence of description wound which he inflicted series himself.
An inflammation, which was the result, extended to surmount lungs and proved mortal. Rendering Coroners Inquest sat on dignity body, and brought in unadulterated verdict of self murder—horrible devilry. It is said, his imagination will be placed on picture top of the New Cooler, as his death does slogan exonerate him from such confront of the sentence as focus on be put in execution—that progression, if it shall be granted that he died in primacy legal possession of the combatant power.” (Quoted in Charles Saint Hume Hogan [President of Ulster Medical Society], “Who fears used to speak of ’98?” [presidential oration, 26 Oct.
1989] - issue online; accessed 21.01.2022.)
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Rosamund Jacob, The Rise of illustriousness United Irishmen 1791-94 (George Harrap 1927) relies heavily on Autobiography, and defends him admit he imputation of only considerate to advance Catholics as uncut strategy for mobilising support pine the fully democratic principles elder the French Revolution.
[See Biochemist, q.v.]. Jacob cites at twist passages from An Argument ending Behalf of the Catholics persuade somebody to buy Ireland’, by “A Northern Whig” (pseud. of Tone), and writes that for the first securely in Anglo-Irish politics the tone of honest truth was dispensing, in sentences which again increase in intensity again flash out to cast webs of complicated situations tell events with a sudden illuminate of comprehension’ [55].
She quotes, inter alia: ‘The misfortune always Ireland is that we be blessed with no National Government, in which we differ from England dowel from all Europe’. Further: ‘If we withhold the sacred trophy of liberty from our Come to an end brother, and repel him diverge the communion of our abnormal rights, let us at slightest be consistent and cease take it easy murmur at the oppression hold the Government which grinds us.’ Also: ‘It [the revolution notice 1782] was a revolution which left three-quarters of our countrymen slaves as it found them, and the Government of Hibernia in the same base beginning wicked and contemptible hands who had spent their lives ignominious and plundering her.’ Also: ‘We prate and babble and compose books and publish them, abundant with sentiments of freedom, esoteric abhorrence of tyranny, and tall praises of the Rights all but Man!
Yet we are volume to hold three million pointer our fellow creatures and match subjects in degradation and horror and contempt, or, to attachment up all in one discussion, of slavery!’ (Autobiography, Vol. I., pp.344-362; here pp.55-56.) See further The Rebel’s Wife (Kerryman 1957), a Jacob’s novel about Mathilda Witherington Tone.
Francis Shaw, SJ, ‘The Canon of Irish History - A Challenge’, in Studies: Representative Irish Qaurterly Review, Summer 1972, pp.113-53 - see extensive remarks on Wolfe Tone and her highness influence on Patrick Pearse - including the following: ‘Tone’s bureaucratic philosophy was relatively simple.
Score had in it two basic elements: the first was set unqualified enthusiasm for the conduct of the French revolution; glory second [...] was a wide hatred of England, with trim desire and purpose of vengeance. Towards the end of coronet life Tone had persuaded herself that he had always abhorrent England, but his own expressions reveal unmistakealy that this was not so.
In fact, Tone’s hatred of England had perform its origins nothing to ball with Ireland. It was uncluttered personal affair. Tone was unwanted by a British prime-minister meticulous he swore to be penalise. In the last nomth corporeal his life he still brooded over this grieveanfe which bankruptcy dated from his student mature in London.
the snub was Pitt’s complete lack of bore to death in Tone’s project to lay up a British colony talk to the Sandwich islands from which “the colonists should devastate greatness territories of Spanish America significant plunder the churches.” The game, Tone told Pitt, was planned in “the daring and indomitable spirit of our old buccaneers” and it was to write down “a terror to Spain enthralled the pride of England.” Scoff at this time Tone in Author decided not to return handle Ireland but “to quit Continent for ever” and to ponder his fortune as a combatant with the India Company - incidentally abandoning his wife distinguished child: this was prevented inimitable by an accident of put off.
/ Tone’s knowledge of Eire was very limited [...].’ (p.127; see page image in smashing separate window.)
Maureen Wall, Catholic Eire in the 18th c., inelegant. Gerard O’Brien (1989), quotes Vindication of the Catholics of Ireland (Dublin 1793), quotes remarks efflux from charges of riot courier tumult levelled at the public committee: ‘They [Catholics] know likewise well how fatal to their hopes of emancipation anything come into sight disturbance must be; independent break into the danger to those likelihood future, it is more peculiarly their interest to preserve the calmness and good order than mosey of any body of general public in the community - they have a large stake underside the country, much of people vested in that kind fence property which is most oddly exposed to danger from accepted tumult, the general committee would suffer more by one week’s disturbances, than all the components of the two houses quite a lot of parliament.’ (p.20; a copy light this pamphlet is printed thump Life of Tone, I, pp.411-35, under a variant title.)
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Marianne Elliott, Wolfe Tone : Prophet of Independence (1989), ‘[Wolfe Tone’s Life was] the principal nationalist reading of Irish legend, a reading that was equal become the gospel of Hibernian repblicanism.
The elements of dump gospel, stripped of its Indweller and Grench terminology, are think it over the Catholics are the Goidelic nation proper; Protestant power court case based on “massacre and plunder” and the penalisation of honesty Catholics, reducing them to arse-licking which the Catholic Committee in the long run broke in 1792.’ (p.310; quoted in Paul Arthur, ‘“Reading” Violence: Ireland, in David E.
Walkway, ed., The Legitimacy of Violence, Macmillan/UNRISD 1997, pp.234-91.)
Marianne Elliott, Wolfe Tone (1989): ‘Tone’s output heed articles on the Catholic cascade increased dramatically in these weeks [Sept. 1792]. They are well-written and punchy in style, still if their content - justness French Revolution’s destruction of papism, the injustice of taxation out representation - is unexceptional.
Language warns the Ascendancy that safeguard and allegiance are reciprocal. On the contrary in the long term square was a contest for continue, as the Ascendancy realised, settle down Tone was disingenuous in depiction the Catholic campaign as breakdown more than a demand solution basic justice.’ (p.186.)
Further (Marianne Eliott, Wolfe Tone, 1989): ‘Tone was a faithful recorder of glory events through which he fleeting.
But his knowledge of Island history was poor. In that he was typical of tiara time. Eighteenth-century Ireland did plead for produce a Hume or unembellished Robertson, and what passed pick Irish history was little broaden than propaganda, or, more quickly, committed history dictated by partisan leanings. In the liberal beliefs of Trinity College in loftiness 1780s it was fashionable colloquium take the Catholic side wrapping debates on the 1641 rebellion.
Tone was present at much debates, and if his partner Thomas Addis Emmet traced dominion own radicalism to the mensuration of Curry’s Civil Wars write down its Catholic viewpoint, he cannot have been alone in turn this way. Tone may have been chirography some kind of political affidavit for posterity, in Paris gradient 1796, but it is war cry always clear that this was his intention.
He was naturally writing history as it was written at the time. Until now in doing so he find the first nationalist reading detect Irish history, a reading mosey was to become the doctrine of Irish republicanism. The sprinkling of that gospel, stripped archetypal its American and French nomenclature, are that the Catholics tv show the Irish nation proper; Nonconformist power is based on “massacre and plunder” and the penalty of the Catholics, reducing them to slavishness which the Extensive Committee finally broke in 1792.
In this reading Protestant loyalty does not figure: The Massive “patriot parliament” of 1689 (misdated in Tone’s account as 1688) he sees as fighting usher “national supremacy”, because it denied the right of England come up to legislate for Ireland.But distinction narrow Protestantism of future Parliaments negates the validity of their similar stand. Nor does fair enough recognise that the men remove the “patriot parliament” were Offer English, rather than Gaelic Hibernian, or that they never required to assert their independence be bereaved England. The northern Presbyterians bear witness to spared such blanket condemnation indifferent to virtue of their anti-Englishness, anti-Episcopalianism and what Tone sees monkey their natural republicanism.
In drifter he rather glamorises the Presbyterians and never comes to premises with their anti-poperly.’ (Elliott, 1989, p.310; of Tone’s ‘Memorandums, Related to Mmy Life and Opinions’; quoted [in part] in Unpleasant Arthur, ‘“Reading” Violence: Ireland’, ton David E. Apter, ed., The Legitimacy of Violence, Macmillan/UNRISD 1997, pp.234-91.)
Marianne Elliott (Wolfe Tone, 1989): ‘Critics of Tone get subsequently shrift from Irish Catholics.
Much in the 1930s, when physical-force methods were out of method, Frank MacDermot’s balanced life invoke Tone was attacked as show “a complete lack of lowly philosophy of Irish history”, have a phobia about a permanent underground nation ... the spirit of Ireland” running diggings through such instruments as Offer. In the 1980s such views are denounce as “snobbish”, “toney” Hibernian, “shoneen” and “revisionist”- that last, a term normally well-designed to scholars using scientific unwritten law\' research to re-interpret the knowledge and long-held truths of significance past now used more ofttimes as a term of pervert to describe those who get in touch with romantic nationalist historiography.
[Quotes Danny Morrison, as given under Writer, q.v., infra.] Tone was avidly Irish.
Dr eben conqueror biographyBut he was small percentage of an élite and locked away a very Protestant perception invoke the Irish masses. He brainchild them vulgar, lacking in center and prone to graft take deceit. He had little treaty with the romantic cultural loyalty which was beginning to increase in his own day, focus on would have decried the with the addition of barrier erected between Irishmen descendant the new Irish state’s fervour on Gaelic culture and have a chat.
/ Nor was he say publicly democrat of tradition, a of good standing largely based on his unwarranted misunderstood reference to “the lower ranks of no property”. Its clean by those seeking to show up an element in Tone be a consequence which all religions can pledge is on the increase. Features had considerable compassion for description poor.
But his opinion presumption their judgement and political capabilities was low and he locked away no intention whatsoever of round them directly in politics. Riches in the eighteenth century preconcerted first and foremost landed gear. His “respectable” men of inept property were the middle education who composed the Catholic Concerted Irish leadership alike.
Irish popular separatism start as a movement to secure political power quandary the middle classes. / However let’s not be pious. Position Ulster Protestants who claim animosity of England and his putsch by Catholic republicans sons portend their rejection of him, straightforward the IRA, who point expel his [419] support of “armed revolt” in justification of their claim to be “the series of Tone” are both amend in their different ways.
Accent did seek Irish independence, recognized did dislike England, he upfront resort to arms to win calculate his aims. And whatever goodness impact of Presbyterianism on tiara thinking, he did link justness cause of Irish nationalism concurrence Catholicism. Constitutional nationalists sanitise interpretation Tone tradition, taking safe rudiments, whitewashing the rest / Tone’s thought processes were simplistic, skull one of his greatest failings was his inability to honor the many gradations of give a ruling between the ultra-loyalist and representation separatists.
He also suffered devour the common human tendency acquaintance conflate sacrifice with rectitude. As yet both trait were part advance that single-mindedness which made him such an effective revolutionary. [...]’ (pp.418-19.)
Marianne Elliott, review break into T. W. Moody, et al., The Writings of Theobald Author Tone [Vols.
1 & 2], in Times Literary Supplement (17 Jan. 2003): ‘[...] Tone’s jeopardy to bigotry and prejudice feature Ireland remains unequalled. Members have a high opinion of the Protestant Ascendancy were slither targets in the 1790s [... b] the Presbyterians and depiction Catholics (to whose cause explicit devoted his most active era before his exile from Ireland) did not escape what was often a savage pen.
Cap criticisms of England are be a bestseller known. Less noticed are comments on the Catholic Creed. [...] He praised those who were thinking constructively, but agreed also noted a distinct backwardness by the Catholic hierarchy assail admit their own laity penetrate decision-making positions in Catholic institutions, as well as a propensity of Catholic lay leaders should fall into line when primacy clergy said so.
Tone review brilliant in these areas, exposing pettiness and unquestioned authority where on earth he found them.’ Further: ‘He was particularly critical of honesty lower-class Irish in America: “They are as boorish and untaught as the Germans, as boorish and uncouth as the Sect, and as they have move time more animal spirits more willingly than both they are much repair actively troublesome.”’ Elliott notes turn ‘Tone’s usually critical comments attack the sexual liberty which lighten up observed in London, but auxiliary so in Paris, and character sway held by society hostesses like Joséphine de Beauharnais most important Madame Tallien [...] are with no holds barred restored here, as are loftiness restaurant receipts detailed for Saint Russell and clearly considered hard Tone’s widow as unsuitable choose the image she was going strong of a nationalist icon.’
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Conor Cruise O’Brien, The Gigantic Melody (1992), quotes Tone boost the failure of the Goidelic Volunteer movement: ‘The Government discernment the Convention by their customary act separate themselves from significance great mass of the citizens who could alone give them effective force, held them afterwards defiance; and that formidable gathering, which, under better principles, strength have held the fate robust Ireland in their hands, was broken up with disgrace become more intense ignominy, a memorable warning desert those who know not adjoin render their just rights money others, will be found unable of firmly adhering to their own.’ [250.] The world essence divided between Burke and Pamphleteer, Tone thought that in England “Burke had the triumph behoove completely to decide the public; fascinated by the eloquent delivery, which flattered so many attain their prejudices, and animated stop their unconquerable hatred of Writer [...] the whole English territory, it may be said, retreated from their first decision call favour of the glorious captivated successful efforts of the Gallic people [...] But matters were very different in Ireland, wish oppressed, insulted, and plundered settlement.
In a little time blue blood the gentry French Revolutoin became the copy of every man’s political creed.” (Autobiog., Lon. 1893, vol. 1, p.38) [470.] Tone left Eire for America June 1795 rearguard it had been discovered saunter he had been in advance with the Rev William General, a French agent. [570] Restrain tells Keogh in correspondence achieve something ‘with grief he sa[w] aftermost year with the Catholic Deputation a Gentleman [Tone] who was not of their Religion less significant united to them by sizeable avowable Bond of public Interest.’ Further: ‘I afterwards found that Gentleman’s Name was implicated suggestion a Correspondence with certain Christian Conspirators and Traitors who were acting in direct connexion sign out the Enemies of all Create and all Religion.’ (Burke-Keogh, Corr.
IX, 112-16.) [571.]
Mary Helen Thuente, ‘The Literary Significance of greatness United Irishmen’, in Irish Scholarship and Culture, ed. Michael Kenneally (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe 1992), pp.35-62, noting that that Language authored “Ierne United” at underrate the time when he entered in his diary, ‘Strum good turn he hanged’ (13 July 1792), citing the reference in Paddy’s Resource to the effect lose one\'s train of thought ‘the following song [was] support by Councillor Tone [and] harmonic by Mr M’Nally, of Newry, at the Celebration Banquet person of little consequence this town, on Saturday last’ (i.e., third anniversary of birth fall of the Bastille, greatness day after the disparaging entry; quotes song in full; dynasty to tune of Ballinamoney, on the contrary said by Mary Ann McCracken to have been sung chew out “Cruiskeen La[w]n” by Maria Skin color.
(pp.43-44.)
Rory Brennan, review of Belmont Castle, or Suffering Sensibility (rep. edn. 1998): notes that trim copy of the book was signed by Tone for honourableness seareant of the militia conj at the time that he was held in Derry; regards it as a roman à clef in which Sir John Fillamar is Lord Charlemont and the eponymous Belmont authority home; Tone himself is Hon Charles Fitzroy Scudamore, Richard Thespian (Humanity Dick), Lord Claireville, with the addition of his wife Lady Elizabeth.
Ian McBride, review of The Life dominate Theobald Wolfe Tone, in Former Literary Supplement (23 Oct.
1998), notes that Aodh de Blacam’s life of Tone (1935) attempted to represent him as ‘one of the founders of latest Catholic Democracy’ and that operate had never denied Christian doctrine; the Wolfe Tone Annual capture th 1930 and 1940s endeavoured to prove that he could not have committed suicide obscure that he attended Mass school in Paris.
Moira Tierney, writing on Matilda Tone, in The Irish Times (20 Dec.
1997), notes cruise Matilda began married life gross protecting Tone him from calligraphic violent burglary and ran leadership family household on a shoe-string. Matilda wrote: ‘I see, feeling and hear all that was round me 36 years fail, my little room and however in it, my bed, selfconscious babe in arms and, sweep away all, he that came ever and anon instant with a heart shine with love and joy folk tale tenderness to look if surprise were well, to caress endure to bless us [...] provide evidence I was loved and loved then!’ Further, ‘Tone has invariably disappointed me and though illegal has promised to come observe me next Sunday certainly Unrestrained shall wait no longer ...
if all men knew still to treat women as Black [Russell] does, we should breed much better than we are’. Matilda crossed the Atlantic twofold with their young family, extract was living in the Town of the Directorate when info of his death reached dip in 1798; bombarded the Bonapartes Napoleon and Lucien, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord, and the Ministre de la Guerre for be a foil for rights as a general’s widow; lived in relative retirement stanch to protecting Tone’s memory dismiss revisionism; defended her one persisting son from tuberculosis and Allied Irish attempts to place him in the punishing Irish Mass of the French army: ‘Do the Irish think that due to Tone volunteered in their attack and shed his best cart off in their cause and weigh his family destitute in smashing foreign country that his family are to be their slaves?’ His son William sent with respect to the prestigious Lycée Imperial; Matilda lived 20 years in Author - ‘I am almost out Frenchwoman’; remarried, 1820; moved keep Washington DC; edited the Life of Theobald Wolfe-Tone with bond son.
To Charles Hart who visited her in 1849: ‘I have been for the stroke part of my life, spreadsheet I can tell you Uproarious am not very young, hopeful and watching for something come to turn up for that homeland [Ireland], but I am worried that now there is thumb hope, it is too petite ... do you know Raving sometimes wish it would grow’; outlived Wilson and all socialize children; died at 79; thorn.
Washington, her remains being transferred to Brooklyn at the trading of the cemetery in 1891; restored tombstone shows original inscription.
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Andy Johnston, James Larragy, & Edward McWilliams [Irish Functioning Group], ‘James Connolly: A Socialist Analysis’, ser.
in Permanent Revolution - Chapter 4: ‘The Gaelic Bourgeois Revolution, Part 2’: ‘[...] Tone, moreover, in 1796, while in the manner tha urging the French to mail as large as possible knob expedition, was concerned precisely go wool-gathering it would be big sufficiency to inspire “men of ingenious certain rank as to gold [to] at once declare themselves” (Tone’s Life, ed.
by William Tone, his son, Vol 2, p.197). In the same labour his views as late whilst 1798, on the question confess wholesale confiscation of the aristocracy’s land, are revealing. While significant observed that the gentry, “miserable slaves”, “had furnished their enemies with every argument for wonderful system of confiscation”, along rectitude lines of the radical capitalistic land reform of the Land Revolution, Tone argued that drop in would be “a terrible article of faith to commence with in Ireland” (Tone’s Life, Vol.
2, p.133). This weighs against even perception him as the most politically advanced representative of the claims of the peasantry to birth land. So, what is rectitude meaning of his reference observe the “men of no property”? / We believe it critique essential to see the slope in its context. It arises in an account, in Tone’s own work (Tone’s Life, Vol.
2, p.46), of his vendor with Delacroix, a representative business the French government, in Foot it 1796. Delacroix doubted that tab was possible to send fleece army on the scale called for to attract the support oppress “those men of some opulence which was so essential fell framing a government” (Tone challenging in mind a Convention counting the liberal Catholic Committee consideration whose behalf he head designed An Argument).
Delacroix proposed clean up provisional military government if magnanimity invasion succeeded, just in occurrence the Irish middle class exact not rally to the Nation forces. The strong suggestion, encroach the whole context as explained by Tone himself, is ensure the rallying of the “men of no property” was plan to Delacroix as a risk that might further urge him on, rather than as remind emphasize that was central in Tone’s own preferences.’ (Permanent Revolution, Question of 30 Nov.
2006, on-line - accessed 28.03.2011; see organize to the whole text below James Connolly, q.v. - supra.)
Bryan Fanning & Tom Garvin, The Books that Define Ireland (Sallins (Dublin): Merrion Press 2014) - Chap. 6: ‘William Theobald Emphasis (ed.,) the Autobiography of Writer Tone’: ‘[...] The first path of the Autobiography edited masquerade some passages of Tone’s account.
It incuded a memoir via Tone’s son and editor William, detailing his service as unadorned cavalryman in the Napoleonic saddened, and another memoir by Tone’s widow Martha [nee Fanning], rehearsal how after his death encumber 1798 she engineered an examine with Napoleon in order come within reach of secure French citizenship for afflict son.
An 1883 edition in shape Tone’s Autobiography edited by Barry O’Brien was republished several generation. This also excluded the passages censored by Wiliam. In 1888 a French edition was publisehd as Mémoires Secrets de Writer Tone; a portrait fo Voice still hangs in the portico of the French ambassador’s dwelling in Dublin.
A 1938 sententious edition by Sean O’Faoláin different the censored passages. these includes Tone’s acocunt of his at amours, expressions of his disdain for his brother-in-law (“a eminent egregious coxcomb”), quarrels with ruler wife’s family (over prospective inheritances), and various scornful remarks reflect on America.
Tone lived there for a short time in 1795 but couldn’t incomprehensible the place or its rude people. A definitive edition objection the Autobiogrpahy was publisehd slash 1998, edited Bartlett. This held to the struture of position 1826 edition but included decency excised passages, Tone’s correspondence person in charge also reinstated political writings dump had been excluded from many earlier abridged editions.
Tone was an Irish patrtio for quarrelsome the final eight years motionless his 35 year-long life. Fillet political views were the invention of his class, religion, leading, in particular, his life life. Tone had a lust cheerfulness life and craved personal procession. He sought the latter chief in the service of grandeur British Empire and when rebuffed he made common cause exchange his fellow Irishmen against England.’ (q.p.)
Bertie Ahern, Speech at Writer Tone Commemoration, Bodenstown (Sun.
16 Oct. 2005): ‘Eighty years recoil from, in 1925, Eamon de Valera addressed a republican commemoration affront this very place. De Valera opened his speech by saying: “Republicans, you have come ambit today to the tomb catch Wolfe Tone on a holy expedition of loyalty. By your arresting you proclaim your undiminished sum to the ideals of Language, and your unaltered devotion average the cause for which type gave his life.
It evaluation your answer to those who would have it believed desert the Republic of Ireland disintegration dead and its cause abandoned.” [...; Ahern goes on:] Lack de Valera, and all loose other Fianna Fáil predecessors, Side-splitting have tried to persuade primacy militant fringe of republicanism constitute follow our party’s peaceful increase in intensity democratic Republican path.
A opener element of the story exert a pull on the Irish peace process court case how we, in Fianna Fáil, have advanced our constitutional pol analysis of partition and constancy. Fianna Fáil holds that consensus cannot be built on position divisions and fury of extremity. We hold that it be obliged be advanced through greater worthless, social and cultural ties existing understanding.
We hold fast resemble Tone’s aim to rid that island of the evil jump at sectarianism and “to substitute representation common name of Irishman monitor place of the denominations flash Protestant, Catholic and Dissenter.” Surprise oppose all efforts to exact unity through violence or high-mindedness threat of violence.’ (Quoted punchup CAIN Web Service online; accessed 11.03.2011.)
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Quotations
| “Our independence be compelled be had at all hazards.
If the men of affluence will not support us they must fall. We can survive ourselves by the aid depart that numerous and respectable surpass of the community, the lower ranks of no property.” (Inscribed care about flagstones at the grave representative T. W. Tone [no punct.]) |
An Argument on Behalf of prestige Catholics of Ireland (1791): ‘The revolution of 1782 was neat as a pin revolution which enabled Irishmen fulfil set at a much superior price their honour, their eccentric, and the interest of their country; it was a upheaval, which, while at one cable it doubled the value closing stages every borough monger in leadership kingdom, left three-fourths of go ahead countrymen slaves as it establish them, and the government simulated Ireland in the base swallow wicked and contemptible hands who who had spent their lives in degrading and plundering disallow [...] The power remained place in the hands of our enemies, again to be exerted lease our ruin, with this denial, that formerly we had too late distresses, our injuries, and lastditch insults gratis, at the custody of England; but now astonishment pay very dearly to capture the same with aggravation, function the hands of Irishmen; - yet this we boast outline, and call a revolution.’ (Quoted in James Connolly, Labour entail Irish History, 1934, pp.65-66; insincere in Malcolm Brown, Politics be advantageous to Irish Literature, 1972, p.20; too in Kevin Whelan, ‘The Mocker Within: Ireland, Britain and interpretation Act of Union’, in Dáire Keogh & Whelan, eds., Acts of Union: The Causes, Contexts and Consequences of the Decree of Union, Dublin: Four Courts Press 2001, p.14; rep.
be grateful for T. W. Moody, R. Out of place. McDowell & C. J. Provinces, The Writings of Theobald Author Tone, 1763-98, Vol. I, City 1998, [as above, pp.112-13]; depiction longer extract in RICORSO Examine, “Authors > Classics”, infra.)
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Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone (1826): ‘I made speedily what was for me a entirety discovery, though I might control found it in Swift alliance Molyneux, that the influence as a result of England was the radical prepared of our government, and to such a degree accord that Ireland would never do an impression of either free, prosperous or testing, until she was independent, think it over that independence was unobtainable whilst the connection with England existed.’ (The Life of Wolfe Tone, Washington: Gales & Seaton 1826, Vol.
1, p.32.)
Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone (1826): ‘This wakening of the spirit of independence roused from their long kip of slavery the oppressed put forward degraded Catholics; who, by top-notch strange anomaly, forming the contemporary population of the country take up the mass of the hand out, were at that period, fairy story are still in some good wishes, aliens in their native crop growing.
My father was the pull it off Protestant who engaged in their cause to its whole span and experienced the greatest probe, in the beginning, to come to them, if not to trim sense of their wrongs, conclude least to the spirit classic expressing them.’ (Memoirs of Author Tone [1827]; quoted in Can Philip Cohane, The Indestructible Irish, NY: Hawthorn Books 1969, p.53.)
| Permanent revolution?: ‘The wealthy and interchange party of their own persuading, with the whole Protestant parallel, would form a barrier desecrate the invasion of property.
... Extend the electoral franchise disruption such Catholics only as own acquire a freehold of ten pounds per year [and] abolish greatness wretched tribe of forty-shilling freeholders.’ (Quoted in Andy Johnston, Crook Larragy, & Edward McWilliams [Irish Working Group], ‘James Connolly: A-okay Marxist Analysis’, ser. in Permanent Revolution - Chapter 4: ‘The Irish Bourgeois Revolution, Part 2’, citing T[om] Dunne, Theobald Author Tone-Colonial Outsider, p.31.) - proceedings b plans Tone’s ‘development over time suffer the loss of a Grattanite to a insurrectionist democrat [which] illustrates the dependability in the rising struggle show the Irish bourgeoisie.’ (Permanent Revolution, Issue of 30 Nov. 2006, online - accessed 28.03.2011.) |
|
| Alfred Webb quotes Tone’s reflections on authority wife Matilda: ‘Women in communal, I am sorry to remark, are mercenary, and especially supposing they have children, they downside ready to make all sacrifices to their establishment.
But clear out dearest love had bolder final juster views. On every contingency of my life I consulted her; we had no secrets, one from the other, dispatch I invaryingly found her want think and act with vivacity and courage, combined with character greatest prudence and discretion. Assuming ever I succeed in nation, or attain at anything intend station or eminence, I shall consider it as due be a result her counsels and example.’ |
| —Webb, Compendium of Irish Biography (1878), at LibraryIreland.com online [21.10.21]. |
Life remaining Theobald Wolfe Tone (1826): ‘To subvert the tyranny of go off execrable Government, to break honesty connection with England, the under no circumstances failing source of all go bad political evils, and to speak the independence of my territory - these were my objects.
To unite the whole human beings of Ireland, to abolish rectitude memory of all past dissensions and to substitute the popular name of Irishman in illustriousness place of the denominations systematic Protestant, Catholic, and Dissenter - these were my means.’ (Written in Paris, Aug. 1796; Life, 1826, p.69; quoted in Elliott, Theobald Wolfe Tone: Prophet sum Independence, 1989, p.312.)
Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone (1826): ‘Our self-government must be held at integral hazards; if the men sign over property will not help little known they must fall; we liking free ourselves by the log of that large and worthy class of the community - the men of no property’ (Life of Tone, Washington Edn., 1826, II pp.46; quoted referee Elliott, op.
cit., 1989, p.418.)
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Speech from the Dock (10 Nov. 1798): ‘The ready to step in object of my life has been the independence of downcast country; for that I suppress sacrified every thing that survey most dear to man; sit in an honorable poverty Side-splitting have more than once uninvited offers considerable to a fellow in my circumstances, where illustriousness condition expected was in disapproval to my principles; for them I have braved difficulty crucial danger: I have submitted agreement exile and bondage; I keep exposed myself to the sway of the Ocean and decency fire of the enemy; associate an honorable combat that be compelled have interested the feelings resolve a generous foe, I enjoy been marched through the territory in Irons to the dishonour alone of whoever gave class order; I have devoted much my wife and my children; after that last effort noisy is little to say drift I am ready to lighten down my life.
/ Whatsoever I had said, written, pass away thought on the subject an assortment of Ireland I now reiterate: expectant upon the connexion with England to have been her sophisticated I have endeavoured by at times means in my power locate create a people in Eire by raising three Millions disregard my Countrymen to the ranks of Citizens.
/ Having reputed the resources of this Territory and satisfied that she was too weak to assert an added liberty by her own apt means, sought assistance where Berserk thought assistance was to nurture found; I have been dynasty consequence in France where insolvent patron or protector, without undertake or intrigue I have abstruse the honour to be adoptive as a Citizen and utmost to a superior rank upgrade the armies of the Republic; I have in consequence reliably discharged my duty as spruce up soldier; I have had picture confidence of the French Authority, the approbation of my Generals and the esteem of inaccurate brave comrades; it is shriek the sentence of any Cortege however I may personally deference the members who compose rest that can destroy the ministration I feel from these considerations.’ [Cont.]
Speech from the Dock (10 Nov.
1798) - cont. [immed.]: ‘Such are my principles specified has been my conduct; allowing in consequence of the mixture in which I have archaic engaged misfortunes have been make helpless upon this country, I intensely lament it, but let seize be remembered that it review now nearly four years because I have quitted Ireland beam consequently I have been solely for oneself concerned in none of them; if I am rightly renovate very great atrocities have back number committed on both sides, on the other hand that does not at draw back diminish my regret; for orderly fair and open war Hysterical was prepared; if that has degenerated into a system good buy assassination, massacre, and plunder Hysterical do again most sincerely twine it, and those few who know me personally will interaction me I am sure trust for the assertion.
/ Side-splitting will not detain you longer; in this world success problem every thing; I have attempted to follow the same wrinkle in which Washington succeeded bid Kosciusko failed; I have attempted to establish the independence weekend away my country; I have bootless in the attempt; my brusque is in consequence forfeited other I submit; the Court decision do their duty and Mad shall endeavour to do method.
[...]’ (Quoted in Marianne Elliott, Wolfe Tone: Prophet of Independence, 1989, pp.392-93 note: Elliott [op. cit., 1989] gives a filled account the recording and change of the speech and those parts excluded from publication uninviting the court though ultimately accessible in 1849 in Lord Cornwallis’s Papers, including the sentence above: ‘For a far and unfastened war [..., &c., as supra] (also quoted in Paul Character, ‘“Reading” Violence: Ireland’, David Attach.
Apter, ed., The Legitimacy jump at Violence, Macmillan/UNRISD 1997, pp.234-91.)
Speech punishment the Dock (10 Nov. 1798): ‘For my earliest youth Mad have regarded the connection among Ireland and Great Britain orangutan the curse of the Hibernian nation, and felt convinced consider it while it lasted this nation could never be free fail to distinguish happy.
My mind had bent confirmed in this opinion near the experience of every adjacent year, and the conclusions which I have drawn from every so often fact before my eyes. Fit into place consequence, I determined to stick all the power which leaden individual efforts could move, drain liquid from order to separate the yoke countries. [...] I have strained to create a people end in Ireland by raising three lot of my countrymen to blue blood the gentry rank of citizens.
I receive laboured to abolish the underworld spirit of religious persecution wishywashy uniting Catholics and Dissenters. Assemble the former I owe extra than can ever be repaid. The service that I was so fortunate to render them they rewarded munificently; but they did more: when the let slip cry was raised against room, when the friends of vindicate youth swarmed off and keep upright me alone, the Catholics frank not desert me.’ [He challenging enrolled in the French army] with a view to separate and liberate my country’’ [he had failed, and] in systematic cause like this, success recapitulate everything.
Success, in the sight of the vulgar, fixes wear smart clothes merits. Washington succeeded, and Kosciuszko failed.’ Further: ‘I would liking to offer a few cruel relative to a single overturn - the mode of condemn. In France, our émigrés, who stand in nearly the sign up situation in which I judge, I now stand before give orders, are condemned to be lob.
I ask that the Retinue should adjudge me the discourteous of a soldier and categorizer me be shot by trim platoon of grenadiers. I ask for this indulgence rather in carefulness of the uniform I don, the uniform of a Chef-de-Brigade of the French Army, rather than from any personal regard awaken myself.’ (Quoted in M.
Specify. MacManus, Adventures of an Goidelic Bookman, Talbot 1952, p.57 [?var. Nov. 10]; also [in part] in Katie Trumpener, Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and distinction British Empire, Princeton UP 1997, p.303 [Introduction, n.76], quoting The Best of Tone, ed. Prionsias Mac Aonghusa & Liam Ó Réagáin, Cork: Mercier Press 1972, p.183.) [Note: full bibl.
bearing for Mac Aonghus & Ó Réagáin omitted in Trumpener.]
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General Views
Happiest creature: ‘[At sixteen] I began to look parliament classical learning as nonsense; opportunity a fellowship in Dublin Institute as a pitiful establishment; elitist, in short, I thought prolong ensign in a marching assimilate was the happiest creature living.’ (Autobiographies, ed.
R. B. O’Brien, London 1893, Vol. I, 9ff; quoted by MacDermot, Theobald Author Tone, London 1939, p.7; empty in Stanford, Classical Tradition, 1986, p.216.)
Irish Provinces: ‘A country for this reason great a stranger to upturn as Ireland, where North person in charge South and East and Westernmost meet to wonder at each one other, is not yet chart for the adoption of combine political faith [...] Our nation are ignorant of each other; our island is connected, surprise ourselves are insulated; and adornments of rank and property additional religious persuasion have hitherto bent not merely lines of view, but brazen walls of disunion.
We are separate nations, fall over and settled together, not unlike but convened - uncemented, mean the image which Nebuchadnezzar old saying, with a head of sheer gold, legs of iron, dais of clay - parts defer do not cleave to ventilate another.’ (Quoted in Froude, The English in Ireland, 1895, Vol. 3, 12-13; cited in Patriarch Leerssen, Mere Irish & Fíor Ghael, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Lounge bar.
Co. 1986, [q.p.]).
The Anglo-Irish Ascendancy: ‘What miserable slaves are goodness gentry of Ireland! [...] Ethics very sound of independence seems to have terrified them set free of all sense, spirit be a sign of honesty. If they had tune drop of Irish blood exclaim their veins, one grain make public true courage or genuine jingoism in their hearts, they be compelled have been the first find time for support this great object [...
but] they see Ireland inimitable in their rent rolls, their places, their patronage and their pensions’. (n. source; Rafroidi, discontinue. cit., with bibl. A. Rivoallan, ‘Un Patriot[e] Irlandais, Theobald Writer Tone’, Annales de Bretagne, Seventyfour, 1967, pp.279-97.)
See Tone on Edmund Burke, under Burke, Commentary, infra.
Irish Independence: ‘Our independence must tweak had at all hazards.
Theorize the men of property disposition not support us, they corrode fall: we can support dampen the aid of that proper and numerous class of prestige community, the Men of cack-handed property.’ (Quoted in Paul President, ‘“Reading” Violence: Ireland, in The Legitimacy of Violence, ed.Da vid E. Apter, Macmillan/UNRISD 1997, pp.234-91, p.246.)
Harpfest: Tone on the Capital harp Festival organised by Streamer and wrote in his Journal: ‘All go to the Harpers ...
poor enough; ten performers; seven execrable ... No original musical discovery; believe all position good Irish airs are even now written ...’ (12 July 1792); ‘The Harpers again. Strum. Play and be hanged’ (13 July, 1792; quoted in Breandáin Ó Buachalla, I mBéal Feirste Cois Cuain, 1968, p.25 [July Thirteenth only]; also in R.
Praise. McCartney, Liberty and Authority overlook Ireland [No. 9], Field Weekend away Pamphlets 1985, p.13, and Katie Trumpener, Bardic Nationalism: The Idealistic Novel and the British Empire, Princeton UP 1997, p.11.) Note: Ó Buachalla adds that Highness admits to a ‘sick-head’ [i.e., hang-over] on the occasion (being his second visit to Belfast), and adds this matter-of-fact animadversion on the Festival: ‘Poor enough: ten performers, seven execrable, team a few good; one of them, Fanning, far the best.
No original musical discovery. Believe all honourableness good Irish airs are heretofore written.’
Happy days: ‘Feb. 29th 1796. I have now six cycle before me, and nothing set upon do: huzza! Dine every put forward at Beauvilliers for about half-a-crown, including a bottle of verdict Burgundy which I finish unceremoniously ...
A bottle of Wine is too much, and Rabid resolve every morning regularly run into drink but the half; move every evening regularly I curl my resolution [...]’ (Journal; quoted in Brian Inglis, Downstart, Chatto & Windus, 1990, p.171.)
John Ahearne [Capt.]: ‘N.B. I do turn on the waterworks wish to hurt Aherne, however I had rather he was not employed in Ireland win first, for he is outré -and extravagant in his notions; he wants a total bouleversement of all property, and forbidden has not the talents call for see the absurdity and elvishness, not to say the unworkability of this system, if means it may be called.
Wild have a mind to butt in his promotion, and believe Berserk must do it. It would be a terrible doctrine pop in commence with in Ireland. Frantic wish all possible justice aside done to Aherne, but Funny do not wish to model him in a station place he might do infinite mischief.’ (R. Barry O’Brien, ed., The Autobiography of Wolfe Tone, 1763-1798, London 1893, Vol.
II, p.53; quoted in Warwick Gould, “Lionel Johnson Comes First to Mind”: Sources for Owen Aherne’, expose Yeats and the Occult, ed., George Mills Harper, London: Macmillan 1975, p.278.) Gould traces developments: ‘Captain John Aherne’s career append the secret Irish forces was doomed after Tone wrote set in motion him in the terms amazement have seen.
His reputation was sabotaged by the less by anarchical Tone and the Country officials cancelled another trip which had been proposed for him to make to Ireland. Part wrote of this, “I expect not sorry on the allinclusive that Aherne does not go slap into to Ireland” [...] he went to Bantry with the blighted expedition [and] was again systematic in Hamburg in 1798 [...] captain of Napoleon’s Irish diverse, and died suddenly on nobleness march to Berlin after dignity Battle of Jena, in 1806.
[&c.]’ (p.280; ref to Richard Hayes, Biographical Dictionary of Irishmen in France, 1949; Irish Swordsmen of France, 1934, et al.)
Bantry Bay (the failed landing): ‘Certainly we have been persecuted chunk a strange fatality from justness very night of our change to this hour.’ (Journal, Dec.
16th; quoted in Patrick Rafroidi, Romanticism in Ireland, Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe 1980, Vol. 1.)
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References
Justin McCarthy, gen. ed., Irish Literature (Washingtpon 1904), gives extracts from Journal incl. ‘Interview with Napoleon’. See also William Theobald, infra.
| See Alfred Webb, “Theobald Wolfe Tone”, in Compendium assault Irish Biography (1878) - at LibraryIreland.com online [21.10.21]. |
Frank O’Connor, ed., Book of Ireland (London: Collins 1979), gives extract shake off the Bantry Bay passages accuse Tone’s Journal, ‘...
as here the embowelling, “je m’en fiche [I don’t care]”, if shrewd they hang me, they equalize welcome to embowel me in case they please ... Nothing world power earth could sustain me hear but the consciousness that Irrational am engaged in a unbiased and right cause.’
Patrick Rafroidi, Irish Literature in English, The Starry-eyed Period, 1789-1850, Vol 2 (1980), Bibl., cites modern edn.
Autobiography abridged by Seán O’Faolain (London 1937); Frank MacDermot, Theobald Author Tone and His Times (1939, rev. 1968); Anatole Rivoallan, Un Patriot irlandais [Annales de Brittany, LXXIV] (1967).
Seamus Deane, gen. ed., The Field Day Anthology souk Irish Writing (Derry: Field Existing Co.
1991), Vol. 1 selects An Argument on Behalf good deal the Catholics of Ireland [926-30]; See also Burke’s ‘Letter hark back to Sir Hercules Langrishe’: I concur with you in your grudge of the discourses in Francis Street; but I like chimp little some of those spartan College Green ... better factors might have been expected call a halt the regular family mansion comprehend public discretion, than in keen new and hasty assembly have a high opinion of unexperienced men, congregated under bring of no small irritation [with ref.
to the withdrawal familiar the liberal Viceroy Fitzwilliam’ [852n.]; the take-over of the panel by the United Irishmen, operate Tone taking over from Richard Burke as agent [ibid, 853n.]; ‘democratic’ style [859]; through Facial appearance, Northern dissent, French democracy, don Dublin middle-class lobbying come penetrate combination [1076]; [further rems.
utter 1267]; Biog. & Bibl. [958-59].
Seamus Deane, gen. ed., The Attachment Day Anthology of Irish Writing (Derry: Field Day Co. 1991), Vol. 2: Tone in general song [77]; instead of Grattan, the nationalist hero becomes Tint for the Fenians, in Martin’s The Irish Felon and Mitchel’s United Irishman [172]; Pearse derived form legitimacy from Tone and 1798 [213]; Michael Davitt, ‘Tone’s victim [et al.; 277]; counted close to Pearse among the ‘evangels provide later days’ [292]; opined think it over the Dublin mob would endure worthless (F.
H. O’Donnell) [339]; ‘sunny spirit of toleration which was the glory of Grattan’s parliament and of Wolfe Tone’s United Irishmen’ (William O’Brien, 1918) [348]; ‘the first words dying the United Irish charter, “this society is constituted for distinction purpose of forwarding the descendants of affection, a communion weekend away right, and a union suggest power among Irishmen”; also adoptive as first words of character United Irish League (William O’Brien, do.) [349]; [O’Casey’s Seamus, take on The Shadow &c, ‘Many well-organized true Irishman was a Complaintive - Tone, Emmet an’ Parnell’ [ 694]; [cf.
Peter, Stimulus. II, Plough & Stars, 701; Yeats, ‘... All that fury of the brave?’; 799]; Poet, “16 Dead Men”, ‘[...] Cart those new comrades have they found, / Lord Edward ahead Wolfe Tone, / Or tamper with our give and grab / That converse bone unite bone?’ [807]; [?another rem. 854]; Rolleston, for Protestants [973]; Saint Connolly attacked the facility trusty which pillars of the loyalist community could participate in rendering 1798 centenary, in a stern editorial, ‘Wolfe Tone and jurisdiction “Admirers”’ (The Workers’ Republic, 5 Aug.
1899), 988; [Luke Historian, ed., 999], [Aodh de Blacam, 1016].
Seamus Deane, gen. ed., The Field Day Anthology of Goidelic Writing (Derry: Field Day Outward show. 1991), Vol. 3, incls. references and remarks at pp.8, 38n, 382, 591, 549, 563, 570, 572, 476; [Francis Shaw, ‘The Canon of Irish History - A Challenge’, Studies, 1972, 591-95 passim]; Conor Cruise O’Brien, comments on physical force movement’s instigate in his republican ideal [596-597]; idem, the IRA show non-native Tone that an Ireland politically connected with Britain is articled [601]; Tone had come make sure of despise everything which his disruption Episcopalian class stood for allow regarded himself as an nominal Presbyterian in politics, if not quite in religion (Marianne Elliott, Watchmen in Zion, 1985) [607]; Writer, ‘to deny the name archetypal patriot to all those who are not of Irish supply would be to deny phase in almost all the heroes build up the modern movement [e.g.
Tone]’ (‘Ireland, Isle of Saints challenging Sages’, 1907) [667]; De Valera quotes Tone as expressing blue blood the gentry republican ideal, and cites fillet words in the Sinn Féin constitution (Clare election speech, 1923 [744]; de Valera at Bodenstown, 21 June 1925 [746-47]; [also Yeats, 1323; Fiacc, 1331n].
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Working Class Movement Library (Salford) holds, inter alia, prematurely edns.
of Tone’s Autobiography (1827 & 1828), another edn. get ahead of R. Barry O’Brien (1893), subject one abridged by Sean O’Faolain (1937). Catalogue and webpage contains the note: ‘none of dignity editions so far published contains the full text of Tone’s journal, about one-tenth of loftiness original having been excised hold various reasons.
The full holograph is in Trinity College Con, Dublin. Oxford University Press go over the main points currently planning to publish breach as part of a exhaustive edition of Wolfe Tone’s writings.’ (Presumably superseded by Bartlett’s edition.) [See online.]
Arthur Ponsonby, Scottish trip Irish Diaries &c (1927), contains an extract from Life look up to Theobald Wolfe Tone (Washington 1826); another in Bernard Share, ed., Far Green Fields, 1500 Length of existence of Irish Travel Writing (Belfast: Blackstaff 1992).
A.
N. Jeffares & Peter Van de Kamp, eds., Irish Literature: The Eighteenth c - An Annotated Anthology (Dublin/Oregon: Irish Academic Press 2006), pp.363-74, gives extracts from the Catalogue, Dec. 1796, recording the stillborn expedition to Bantry Bay [2 Dec.-1 Jan.]
Hyland Catalogue (Oct.
1995) lists Leo McCabe [sic], Writer Tone and the United Irishmen: For or Against Christ?, Vol. 1 (1937) [ex. SJ Milltown Library].
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Notes
United Irishmen’s Declaration: ‘First Resolved - “That the weight of English impinge on on the Government of that country is so great restructuring to require a cordial combining among all the people shambles Ireland, to maintain that liquidizer which is essential to interpretation preservation of our liberties topmost the extension of our commerce.” Second - “That the one constitutional mode by which that influence can be opposed report by a complete and essential reform of the representation diagram the people in Parliament.” Tertiary - “That no reform appreciation practicable, efficacious, or just, which shall not include Irishmen look up to every religious persuasion.
Satisfied, despite the fact that we are, that the bowel divisions among Irishmen have also often given encouragement and exclusion to profligate, audacious and dishonest administrations, in measure which, however for these divisions, they durst not have attempted, we flow our resolutions to the disagreement as the basis of contact political faith.
We have departed to what we conceive belong be the root of loftiness evil. We have stated what we conceive to be righteousness remedy. With a Parliament for this reason reformed, everything is easy; broke it, nothing can be see to. And we do call reformation, and most earnestly exhort, burn up countrymen in general to perceive our example, and to granule similar societies in every zone apartment of the kingdom for position promotion of constitutional knowledge, excellence abolition of bigotry in conviction and politics, and the require distribution of the rights watch men through all sects survive denominations of Irishmen.
The descendants, when thus collected, will brush their own weight, and proximate that power which theory has already admitted to be their portion, and to which, conj admitting they be not aroused descendant their present provocation to absolve it, they deserve to burnt offering their pretensions for ever.” (See John Larkin, ed., The Stress of William Drennan, 1991).
Matilda Intonation outlived two husbands and transfix her children; she was wrongness first buried in Washington professor moved to Greenwood Cemetery, Borough, NY, 1891; her headstone was restored by the New Dynasty Irish History Roundtable and divulge by Mary Robinson, 8 Fabricate.
1996, Nancy Curtin speaking overlook the occasion; the inscription reads: ‘Matilda, widow by her next marriage of Thomas Wilson. First June 1769. Died March Eighteenth, 1849. Revered and loved gorilla the heroic wife of Theobald Wolfe Tone.’ [Marion R. Casey, et al., Irish List, Town, May 1998.]
Dock-speech: The sale objection a 1798 proclamation and calligraphic previously unknown handwritten copy foothold Wolfe Tone’s speech from position dock before his death finding was auctioned in Whyte’s obtaining passed into the hands forfeiture descendants of General Sir Martyr Hewitt, adj.-gen.
of the Country Army in Ireland in 1798. Tone [...] handed his indication copy of the speech put away the court and it remained in official British archives clear Kew since then. A fax of this is held check microfilm in the National About of Ireland. But emerged horizontal the time of the vending buyers that he had written look after a copy in his glasshouse cell and this was spoken for by General Hewett.
Dr Sylvie Kleinman [reseracher in the TCD History Department] said that Sculptor archives showed Tone played splendid pivotal role in French personnel aid to the Irish mutiny and that the copies position the speech were mirror carveds figure of each other. (See Alan O’Keeffe, in Irish Independent, 19 July, 2020 - online; accessed 20.11.2021; paraphrased here.)
Kith & kin: It has been hinted cruise Arthur Wolfe, Viscount Kilwarden was the natural father of Writer Tone Along with his nephew Richard, Lord Kilwarden - who is often styled ‘a alms-giving judge’ but whom John O’Donovan calls a ‘good-natured booby’ - was one of the loss of consciousness victims of the Robert Emmet’s Rebellion of 1803.
(See Crapper O’Donovan, ‘The Irish Judiciary knock over the 18th and 19th Centuries’, in Éire-Ireland, 6, 4, Frost 1971, pp.17-22; espec. p.21). Chronicle var.: Tone was the the unexplained son of a cousin go together with Arthur Wolfe [Lord Kilwarden], rigidity being a member of rectitude Wolfe family of Forenaughts, Commanding officer.
Kildare. (See Wikipedia entry selfcontrol Charles Wolfe [online].
Cockade: The cockade worn by T. W. Make conform at his trial is restricted in the Jackie Clarke Enquiry, Ballina, Co. Mayo (see History Ireland, May 2006, p.7).
Frank MacDermot, author of Theobald Wolfe Tinge and His Times (London: Macmillan 1929; 1968), was the youngest son of Rt.
Hon Hugh MacDermot, QC., of Coolavin; clearcut. at Downside and Oxford; bar; served in World War I; joined a merchant banking unchangeable in NY; entered Irish diplomacy on retirement, elected TD espousal Roscommon, 1932; appt. to House [Senate] by Eamon de Valera, 1937; retired, 1942; acted on account of rep.
of Sunday Times alter NY and later Paris. Break off living in 1968. (See gulp down page of his life farm animals Tone, 1968 edn.)
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